Alan M. Krensky
Encyclopedia
Alan Krensky is a Senior Investigator in the [Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology](http://ccr.cancer.gov/labs/lab.asp?labid=64) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He served as the first [Director of the Office of Portfolio Analysis and Strategic Initiatives (OPASI) and a Deputy Director of NIH] (http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2007/opasi-25.htm). He was Associate Dean for Children’s Health and the Shelagh Galligan Professor
of Pediatrics
at Stanford University
.
(East). He received a B.A. in Biology, Summa Cum Laude, and M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania
. He was a Resident and Fellow in Pediatrics at Children’s Hospital Boston and a Research Fellow at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston. After one year on the faculty at Harvard and Boston Children’s Hospital, he moved to Stanford in 1984. He was on the faculty at Stanford for 23 years and developed the Children’s Health Initiative, a $500 million dollar investment in research, education and clinical care, at Stanford and Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital.
s 1-3, immunomodulatory HLA derived peptides (AllotrapTM), chemokine RANTES (CCL5), proinflammatrory and cytotoxic molecule granulysin (GNLY
) and the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13
).
At NIH, Krensky oversaw the Roadmap for Medical Research (Biomedical Research), introducing new programs in Epigenomics
, Human Microbiome
and Transformative RO1s. Roadmap projects are designed to rapidly respond to emerging scientific opportunities and public health needs. He led the development of the [Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization (RCDC)] (http://dcb.cit.nih.gov/hpcio/projects/kmdc.htm) system, a computerized tool to permit transparent accounting of NIH funding, and a Science of Science Management effort to develop metrics for accountability in scientific progress. He chaired the NIH [Council of Councils] (http://opasi.nih.gov/council/), with responsibility for trans-NIH initiatives.
He holds numerous awards, including the American Academy of Pediatrics
Award for Excellence in Pediatric Research, E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics, and Novartis Established Investigator Award of the American Society of Transplantation
. He served as President of the Society for Pediatric Research and Secretary Treasurer of the American Society of Nephrology
. He is a member of the American Society of Clinical Investigation and Association of American Physicians
.
Stenger S, Hanson DA, Teitlebaum R, Dewan P, Niazi KR, Froelich CJ, Ganz T, Thoma-Uszynski S, Melian A, Bogdan C, Porcelli SA, Bloom BR, Krensky AM, Modlin RL: An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin
. Science 1998; 282: 121-125.
Sanchez-Madrid F, Krensky AM, Ware CF, Robbins E, Strominger JL, Burakoff SJ
, Springer TA: Three distinct antigens associated with human T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: LFA-1
, LFA-2 (CD2), and LFA-3 (CD58). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982; 79: 7489-7493.
Salter RD, Benjamin RJ, Wesley PK, Buxton S, Garrett TPJ, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Norment AM, Littman DR, Parham P: A binding site for the T cell co-receptor, CD8
, on the alpha3 domain of HLA
-A2. Nature. 1990; 345: 41-46.
Krensky AM, Sanchez-Madrid F, Robbins E, Nagy J, Springer TA, Burakoff SJ: The functional significance, distribution and structure of LFA-1
, LFA-2, and LFA-3: Cell surface antigens associated with the CTL
-target interactions. J. Immunol. 1983; 131: 611-616.
Pattison J, Nelson PJ, Huie P, von Luettichau I, Farshid G, Sibley RK, Krensky AM: RANTES
chemokine
expression in cell mediated transplant rejection of the kidney
. Lancet. 1994; 343: 209-211.
Pober JS, Collins T, Gimbrone MA, Cotran RS, Gitlin J, Fiers W, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Burakoff SJ, Reiss CS: Lymphocytes recognize human vascular endothelial and dermal fibroblast
Ia antigen
s induced by recombinant immune interferon
. Nature 1983; 305: 726-729.
Spada FM, Grant EP, Peters PJ, Sugita M, Melian A, Leslie DS, Lee HK, van Donselaar E, Hanson DA, Krensky AM, Majdic O, Porcelli SA, Morita CT, Brenner MB: Self recognition of CD1
by γδ T cells: implications for innate immunity. J. Exp. Med. 2000; 191: 937-948.
Krensky AM, Weiss A, Crabtree G, Davis M, Parham P: Mechanisms of disease: T lymphocyte - antigen interactions in transplant rejection
. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322: 510-517.
Nelson PJ, Krensky AM: Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and allograft rejection. Immunity 2001; 14: 377-386.
Salter RD, Norment AM, Chen BP, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Littman DR, and Parham P: Polymorphism in the alpha3 domain of HLA-A
molecules affects binding to CD8
. Nature. 1989; 338: 345-347.
Krensky AM, Robbins E, Springer TA, and Burakoff SJ: LFA-1
, LFA-2, and LFA-3 antigens are involved in CTL-target conjugation. J. Immunol. 1984; 132: 2180-2182.
Pena SV, Krensky AM: Granulysin
, a new human cytolytic granule
associated protein
with possible involvement in cell-mediated cytotoxicity
. Sem. Immunol. 1997; 9:117-125.
Nelson EL, Li XB, Hsu FJ, Kwak LW, Levy R, Clayberger C, Krensky AM: Tumor
specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response after idiotype
vaccination
for B cell
, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
. Blood. 1996; 88:580-589.
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...
at Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
.
Biography
Krensky was born in Chicago, IL in 1951 and attended New Trier High SchoolNew Trier High School
New Trier High School is a public four-year high school , with its major campus located in Winnetka, Illinois, USA, and a second campus in Northfield, Illinois, with freshman classes and district administration...
(East). He received a B.A. in Biology, Summa Cum Laude, and M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
. He was a Resident and Fellow in Pediatrics at Children’s Hospital Boston and a Research Fellow at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston. After one year on the faculty at Harvard and Boston Children’s Hospital, he moved to Stanford in 1984. He was on the faculty at Stanford for 23 years and developed the Children’s Health Initiative, a $500 million dollar investment in research, education and clinical care, at Stanford and Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital.
Work
He has published more than 260 papers and chapters in immunology and pediatrics and holds 11 U.S. patents. He identified the human lymphocyte function-associated antigenLymphocyte function-associated antigen
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen can refer to:* LFA-1* LFA-2* LFA-3...
s 1-3, immunomodulatory HLA derived peptides (AllotrapTM), chemokine RANTES (CCL5), proinflammatrory and cytotoxic molecule granulysin (GNLY
GNLY
Granulysin, also known as GNLY, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GNLY gene.- Function :Granulysin is a protein present in cytotoxic granules of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Granulysin is a member of the saposin-like protein family and is released from cytotoxic T cells...
) and the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13
KLF13
Kruppel-like factor 13, also known as KLF13, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLF13 gene.- Function :KLF13 belongs to a family of transcription factors that contain 3 classical zinc finger DNA-binding domains consisting of a zinc atom tetrahedrally coordinated by 2 cysteines and 2...
).
At NIH, Krensky oversaw the Roadmap for Medical Research (Biomedical Research), introducing new programs in Epigenomics
Epigenomics
-Epigenomics:Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell...
, Human Microbiome
Microbiome
A microbiome is the totality of microbes, their genetic elements , and environmental interactions in a defined environment. A defined environment could, for example, be the gut of a human being or a soil sample. Thus, microbiome usually includes microbiota and their complete genetic elements...
and Transformative RO1s. Roadmap projects are designed to rapidly respond to emerging scientific opportunities and public health needs. He led the development of the [Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization (RCDC)] (http://dcb.cit.nih.gov/hpcio/projects/kmdc.htm) system, a computerized tool to permit transparent accounting of NIH funding, and a Science of Science Management effort to develop metrics for accountability in scientific progress. He chaired the NIH [Council of Councils] (http://opasi.nih.gov/council/), with responsibility for trans-NIH initiatives.
He holds numerous awards, including the American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Pediatrics
The American Academy of Pediatrics is the major professional association of pediatricians in the United States. The AAP was founded in 1930 by 35 pediatricians to address pediatric healthcare standards. It currently has 60,000 members in primary care and sub-specialist areas...
Award for Excellence in Pediatric Research, E. Mead Johnson Award for Research in Pediatrics, and Novartis Established Investigator Award of the American Society of Transplantation
American Society of Transplantation
The American Society of Transplantation is an international organization of over 2,700 transplant professionals dedicated to advancing the field of transplantation through the promotion of research, education, advocacy, and organ donation to improve patient care.The AST was founded in 1982 with...
. He served as President of the Society for Pediatric Research and Secretary Treasurer of the American Society of Nephrology
American Society of Nephrology
Founded in 1966, the American Society of Nephrology is the world’s largest professional society devoted to the study of kidney disease. Composed of 11,000 physicians and scientists, ASN promotes expert patient care, advances medical research, and educates the renal community...
. He is a member of the American Society of Clinical Investigation and Association of American Physicians
Association of American Physicians
The Association of American Physicians is a medical society founded in 1885 by the Canadian physician Sir William Osler and six other distinguished physicians of his era, for "the advancement of scientific and practical medicine." Election to the AAP is an honor extended to individuals with...
.
Publications
Stenger S, Hanson DA, Teitlebaum R, Dewan P, Niazi KR, Froelich CJ, Ganz T, Thoma-Uszynski S, Melian A, Bogdan C, Porcelli SA, Bloom BR, Krensky AM, Modlin RL: An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin
Granulysin
Granulysin is a substance released by cytotoxic T cells when they are attached to infected body cells. It functions to create holes in the target cell membrane and destroy it...
. Science 1998; 282: 121-125.
Sanchez-Madrid F, Krensky AM, Ware CF, Robbins E, Strominger JL, Burakoff SJ
Steven J. Burakoff
Steven J. Burakoff, MD, is a cancer specialist and the author of both Therepeutic Immunology and Graft-Vs.-Host Disease: Immunology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment .-Biography:...
, Springer TA: Three distinct antigens associated with human T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis: LFA-1
LFA-1
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, also known as LFA-1 is found on all T-cells and also on B-cells, macrophages and neutrophils and is involved in recruitment to the site of infection. It binds to ICAM-1 on antigen-presenting cells and functions as an adhesion molecule. LFA-1 is the first...
, LFA-2 (CD2), and LFA-3 (CD58). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982; 79: 7489-7493.
Salter RD, Benjamin RJ, Wesley PK, Buxton S, Garrett TPJ, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Norment AM, Littman DR, Parham P: A binding site for the T cell co-receptor, CD8
CD8
CD8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the class I MHC protein. There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene...
, on the alpha3 domain of HLA
HLA
-Biochemistry:*Human leukocyte antigen, a key part of the human immune system, or the paternity test based upon it*Hyaluronic Acid, an important molecule that plays a role throughout the body's skin and connective tissues.-Computing:...
-A2. Nature. 1990; 345: 41-46.
Krensky AM, Sanchez-Madrid F, Robbins E, Nagy J, Springer TA, Burakoff SJ: The functional significance, distribution and structure of LFA-1
LFA-1
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, also known as LFA-1 is found on all T-cells and also on B-cells, macrophages and neutrophils and is involved in recruitment to the site of infection. It binds to ICAM-1 on antigen-presenting cells and functions as an adhesion molecule. LFA-1 is the first...
, LFA-2, and LFA-3: Cell surface antigens associated with the CTL
CTL
CTL can refer to:*Computation tree logic*Cut-to-length logging*Complex Text Layout languages*cytotoxic T cell *Commission de transport de la Ville de Laval...
-target interactions. J. Immunol. 1983; 131: 611-616.
Pattison J, Nelson PJ, Huie P, von Luettichau I, Farshid G, Sibley RK, Krensky AM: RANTES
RANTES
Chemokine ligand 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. It is also known as RANTES .- Function :...
chemokine
Chemokine
Chemokines are a family of small cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. Their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells; they are chemotactic cytokines...
expression in cell mediated transplant rejection of the kidney
Kidney
The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
. Lancet. 1994; 343: 209-211.
Pober JS, Collins T, Gimbrone MA, Cotran RS, Gitlin J, Fiers W, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Burakoff SJ, Reiss CS: Lymphocytes recognize human vascular endothelial and dermal fibroblast
Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing...
Ia antigen
Antigen
An antigen is a foreign molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system. The immune system will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as...
s induced by recombinant immune interferon
Interferon
Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to...
. Nature 1983; 305: 726-729.
Spada FM, Grant EP, Peters PJ, Sugita M, Melian A, Leslie DS, Lee HK, van Donselaar E, Hanson DA, Krensky AM, Majdic O, Porcelli SA, Morita CT, Brenner MB: Self recognition of CD1
CD1
For the album by Throbbing Gristle, see CD1 CD1 is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells...
by γδ T cells: implications for innate immunity. J. Exp. Med. 2000; 191: 937-948.
Krensky AM, Weiss A, Crabtree G, Davis M, Parham P: Mechanisms of disease: T lymphocyte - antigen interactions in transplant rejection
Transplant rejection
Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after...
. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322: 510-517.
Nelson PJ, Krensky AM: Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and allograft rejection. Immunity 2001; 14: 377-386.
Salter RD, Norment AM, Chen BP, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Littman DR, and Parham P: Polymorphism in the alpha3 domain of HLA-A
HLA-A
HLA-A are a group of human leukocyte antigens that are encoded by the HLA-A locus on human chromosome 6p. The HLA genes constitute a large subset of the Major histocompatibility complex of humans. HLA-A is a component of certain MHC class I cell surface receptor isoforms that resides on the...
molecules affects binding to CD8
CD8
CD8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the class I MHC protein. There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene...
. Nature. 1989; 338: 345-347.
Krensky AM, Robbins E, Springer TA, and Burakoff SJ: LFA-1
LFA-1
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, also known as LFA-1 is found on all T-cells and also on B-cells, macrophages and neutrophils and is involved in recruitment to the site of infection. It binds to ICAM-1 on antigen-presenting cells and functions as an adhesion molecule. LFA-1 is the first...
, LFA-2, and LFA-3 antigens are involved in CTL-target conjugation. J. Immunol. 1984; 132: 2180-2182.
Pena SV, Krensky AM: Granulysin
Granulysin
Granulysin is a substance released by cytotoxic T cells when they are attached to infected body cells. It functions to create holes in the target cell membrane and destroy it...
, a new human cytolytic granule
Granule
Granule is a generic term used for a small particle or grain. The generic term is employed in a variety of specific contexts.* Granule , visible structures in the photosphere of the Sun arising from activity in the Sun's convective zone...
associated protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
with possible involvement in cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Examples of toxic agents are a chemical substance, an immune cell or some types of venom .-Cell physiology:...
. Sem. Immunol. 1997; 9:117-125.
Nelson EL, Li XB, Hsu FJ, Kwak LW, Levy R, Clayberger C, Krensky AM: Tumor
Tumor
A tumor or tumour is commonly used as a synonym for a neoplasm that appears enlarged in size. Tumor is not synonymous with cancer...
specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response after idiotype
Idiotype
In immunology, an idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T cell receptor molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region...
vaccination
Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by many pathogens...
for B cell
B cell
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction...
, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system. Typically, lymphomas present as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells. Treatment might involve chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and can be curable depending on the histology, type, and stage...
. Blood. 1996; 88:580-589.