Aleksei Yakovlevich Kozhevnikov (1836 - 23 October 1902) was a Russian neurologist

Neurologist

A neurologist is a physician who specializes in neurology, and is trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders.Neurology is the medical specialty related to the human nervous system. The nervous system encompasses the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. A specialist...

 and psychiatrist

Psychiatrist

A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy...

 who was a native of Ryazan

Ryazan

Ryazan is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Oka River southeast of Moscow. Population: The strategic bomber base Dyagilevo is just west of the city, and the air base of Alexandrovo is to the southeast as is the Ryazan Turlatovo Airport...

.

From 1853 until 1858 he studied medicine at the University of Moscow, and furthered his education in Germany, Switzerland, England and France. At Jean Martin Charcot's laboratory in Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

 he made important pathological

Pathology

Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....

 correlations in the study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , also referred to as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a form of motor neuron disease caused by the degeneration of upper and lower neurons, located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and the cortical neurons that provide their efferent input...

 (ALS). In 1869 he returned to Moscow

Moscow

Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...

, where he worked at the Novo-Ekaterininskii Hospital, and gave classes in neurologic and psychiatric diseases. From 1870 to 1884 he was in charge of the clinic for neurologic diseases, becoming professor extraordinarius in 1873.

In 1880 Kozhevnikov attained the chair of special pathology and therapy

Therapy

This is a list of types of therapy .* Adventure therapy* Animal-assisted therapy* Aquatic therapy* Aromatherapy* Art and dementia* Art therapy* Authentic Movement* Behavioral therapy* Bibliotherapy* Buteyko Method* Chemotherapy...

 at the University of Moscow, and in 1886 founded the university clinic of psychiatry. In 1890 he founded the Moscow Society of Neuropathologists

Neuropathology

Neuropathology is the study of disease of nervous system tissue, usually in the form of either small surgical biopsies or whole autopsy brains. Neuropathology is a subspecialty of anatomic pathology, neurology, and neurosurgery...

 and Psychiatrists.

Kozhevnikov was a pioneer of Russian psychiatry, and was an advocate for humane treatment of the mentally insane. His name is lent to the eponymous "Kozhevnikov's epilepsy", also known as epilepsia continua

Epilepsia partialis continua

Epilepsia partialis continua is a rare type of brain disorder in which a patient experiences recurrent motor epileptic seizures that are focal , and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods .-Presentation:During these seizures, there is repetitive focal myoclonus or Jacksonian...

, which is an epilepsy

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain.About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly two out of every three new cases...

 characterized by almost continuous, rhythmic muscular contractions that affect a limited portion of the body. He provided a comprehensive description of progressive familial spastic diplegia

Spastic diplegia

Spastic diplegia, historically known as Little's Disease, is a form of cerebral palsy that is a neuromuscular condition of hypertonia and spasticity in the muscles of the lower extremities of the human body, usually those of the legs, hips and pelvis...

, and made contributions in the neuropathological study of nuclear ophthalmoplegia and asthenic bulbar paralysis

Bulbar palsy

Bulbar palsy refers to impairment of function of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII, which occurs due to a lower motor neuron lesion either at nuclear or fascicular level in the medulla oblongata or from lesions of the lower cranial nerves outside the brainstem.In contrast, pseudobulbar palsy...

.

Among his students and assistants were Sergei Korsakoff

Sergei Korsakoff

Sergei Sergeievich Korsakoff was a Russian neuropsychiatrist.Sergei Korsakoff was the first of great Russian neuropsychiatrists. He studied medicine at the University of Moscow, graduated in 1875 and subsequently became physician to "Preobrazhenski" mental hospital. From 1876 to 1879 he gained...

 (1853-1900), Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo

Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo

Grigory Ivanovich Rossolimo was a Russian neurologist who was a native of Odessa. He specialized in the field of child neuropsychology.In 1884 he graduated from the University of Moscow, and subsequently worked under Aleksei...

 (1860-1928), Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich

Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich

Liverij Osipovich Darkshevich was a Russian neurologist who was a native of Yaroslavl. His surname is sometimes spelled Darkschewitsch in medical literature....

 (1858-1925), Vladimir Karlovich Roth

Vladimir Karlovich Roth

Vladimir Karlovich Roth — sometimes Vladimir Karlovich Rot — was a Russian neuropathologist.Roth was native of Orel. He studied medicine at the University of Moscow, where he graduated in 1871. From 1877 to 1879 he travelled abroad, and worked in clinics at Vienna, Berlin and Paris...

 (1848-1916) and Lazar Salomonovich Minor

Lazar Salomowitch Minor

Lazar Salomowitch Minor was a Russian neurologist who was a native of Vilnius.Minor received his education at the University of Moscow, where he was a student of Aleksei Kozhevnikov . Afterwards he worked in Paris under Jean-Martin Charcot , and in Berlin with Carl Otto Westphal and Emanuel Mendel...

(1855-1942).