Alfonsine
Encyclopedia
Alfonsine is a comune
(municipality) in the Province of Ravenna
in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna
, located about 60 km east of Bologna
and about 15 km northwest of Ravenna
.
It is located between the Senio River and the Adriatic Sea
, in a fertile area suitable to agriculture, especially viticulture
. In the territory there are considerable deposits of natural gas
. In the area there are also some important industries.
Alfonsine was founded in 1464, when the territory, consisting of valleys and marsh land, was donated by Borso d'Este
to Teofilo Calcagnini who began a major work of reclamation. The original nucleus developed around the church of Our Lady, built in 1502 by Alfonso Calcagnini, son of Teofilo, who ruled during the period.
The site, which has always been the border area between Ravenna and the domain of Este family, has been in centuries the object of struggles for control. Pope Leo X
in 1519 officially invested Calcagnini of the fee, which took on the name of "Leo's territory"; the Calcagnini family became feudal Lords on behalf of both the Church and the Este. The privilege was reconfirmed by Clement VIII at the end of the century.
Despite the economic and population growth recorded during the 18th century, the inhabitants of the rural community at that time not yet enjoyed any freedom. The area served by area only of exploitation and enrichment for the class of feudal lords, while the population forced to pay fees due to Lord continued to live in a high social disadvantage.
The Napoleonic period saw the emancipation of Calcagnini Alfonsine and in 1814 became the Municipality.
The harsh living conditions led to the gates of the'900, the formation of a side band of criminals, and other associations of a welfare policy and engaged in the struggle to win rights for the lower classes.
It is then put back to a hard test by the outbreak of the troubles of the week red, which is manifested in Alfonsine very violently and the two world wars that followed
During the second world war, and specifically between December 1944 and 10 April 1945, Alfonsine was the scene of bloody clashes between Germans, allies and partisans who fought on the front located on the River Senio. Following the release, the scene was distressing to the destruction of 70% of homes and the disappearance of the old historic center, which was initially heavily bombed by the Allies, and further undermined the Germans before their retreat northward. This is still an important town in the museum that commemorates the battle, the Museum of the Battle of the Senio, the relics, there is an original Bailey bridge used by the Allies during the conflict and examples of artillery and equipment.
The City of Alfonsine is one of the city decorated with the Military Valor for the Liberation War because it was awarded the Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare for the sacrifices of its people and its activities in the partisan struggle during the Second World War.
, Hungary, since 1962 Spello
, Italy, since 1974 San Vito di Cadore
, Italy, since 1988 Mayahi
, Niger, since 1988
Comune
In Italy, the comune is the basic administrative division, and may be properly approximated in casual speech by the English word township or municipality.-Importance and function:...
(municipality) in the Province of Ravenna
Province of Ravenna
The Province of Ravenna is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ravenna.It has an area of 1,858 km², and a total population of 365,369 . There are 18 comuni in the province , Comuni of the Province of Ravenna. As of May 31, 2005, the main comuni by...
in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna
Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. The capital is Bologna; it has an area of and about 4.4 million inhabitants....
, located about 60 km east of Bologna
Bologna
Bologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna, in the Po Valley of Northern Italy. The city lies between the Po River and the Apennine Mountains, more specifically, between the Reno River and the Savena River. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with spectacular history,...
and about 15 km northwest of Ravenna
Ravenna
Ravenna is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and the second largest comune in Italy by land area, although, at , it is little more than half the size of the largest comune, Rome...
.
It is located between the Senio River and the Adriatic Sea
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges...
, in a fertile area suitable to agriculture, especially viticulture
Viticulture
Viticulture is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. When the grapes are used for winemaking, it is also known as viniculture...
. In the territory there are considerable deposits of natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons . It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for fertilizers.Most natural...
. In the area there are also some important industries.
History
There are two main hypotheses about the origins of the name of Alfonsine. The first and more accepted is based on documents dating back to the early 16th century. It refers to Alfonso Calcagnini, who began the reclamation of these lands, which were thus called "the Alfonsine" (Alfonso lands). The second is due to Antonio Polloni (Toponomia Romagnola, 1966), who assumes that the name derives from the latin "fossa-æ" (ditch, channel, ditch dug by man), and that only later, and by coincidence, it was influenced by the name of Alfonso Calcagnini.Alfonsine was founded in 1464, when the territory, consisting of valleys and marsh land, was donated by Borso d'Este
Borso d'Este
thumb|Borso d'Este, attributed to [[Vicino da Ferrara]], [[Pinacoteca]] of the [[Castello Sforzesco|Sforza Castle]] in [[Milan]], [[Italy]].Borso d'Este was the first Duke of Ferrara, which he ruled from 1450 until his death...
to Teofilo Calcagnini who began a major work of reclamation. The original nucleus developed around the church of Our Lady, built in 1502 by Alfonso Calcagnini, son of Teofilo, who ruled during the period.
The site, which has always been the border area between Ravenna and the domain of Este family, has been in centuries the object of struggles for control. Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X , born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses...
in 1519 officially invested Calcagnini of the fee, which took on the name of "Leo's territory"; the Calcagnini family became feudal Lords on behalf of both the Church and the Este. The privilege was reconfirmed by Clement VIII at the end of the century.
Despite the economic and population growth recorded during the 18th century, the inhabitants of the rural community at that time not yet enjoyed any freedom. The area served by area only of exploitation and enrichment for the class of feudal lords, while the population forced to pay fees due to Lord continued to live in a high social disadvantage.
The Napoleonic period saw the emancipation of Calcagnini Alfonsine and in 1814 became the Municipality.
The harsh living conditions led to the gates of the'900, the formation of a side band of criminals, and other associations of a welfare policy and engaged in the struggle to win rights for the lower classes.
It is then put back to a hard test by the outbreak of the troubles of the week red, which is manifested in Alfonsine very violently and the two world wars that followed
During the second world war, and specifically between December 1944 and 10 April 1945, Alfonsine was the scene of bloody clashes between Germans, allies and partisans who fought on the front located on the River Senio. Following the release, the scene was distressing to the destruction of 70% of homes and the disappearance of the old historic center, which was initially heavily bombed by the Allies, and further undermined the Germans before their retreat northward. This is still an important town in the museum that commemorates the battle, the Museum of the Battle of the Senio, the relics, there is an original Bailey bridge used by the Allies during the conflict and examples of artillery and equipment.
The City of Alfonsine is one of the city decorated with the Military Valor for the Liberation War because it was awarded the Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare for the sacrifices of its people and its activities in the partisan struggle during the Second World War.
Twin towns
NagykataNagykáta
Nagykáta is a town in , Hungary, about from Budapest.-Communications:Express trains take 47 minutes to Budapest Keleti railway stationfrom Nagykáta and stopping trains about 65 minutes.-History:The history of Nagykáta dates back to the 12th century,...
, Hungary, since 1962 Spello
Spello
Spello is an ancient town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the lower southern flank of Mt. Subasio. It is 6 km NNW of Foligno and 10 km SSE of Assisi.The old walled town lies on a regularly NW-SE sloping ridge that eventually meets the plain...
, Italy, since 1974 San Vito di Cadore
San Vito di Cadore
San Vito di Cadore is a small town and comune in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is located 9 km from Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the Dolomites, and is next to Monte Antelao....
, Italy, since 1988 Mayahi
Mayahi
Mayahi is a town located in the Maradi Region of Niger. It is the seat of Mayahi Department and a Commune about 45km from Tessaoua. In the mid 1990s it had a population of 2,200. The name "Mayaki" is also a rulers' title among the Sudié and Maouri: local subgroups of the Hausa people.-References:...
, Niger, since 1988