Amala and Kamala
Encyclopedia
Amala and Kamala (died 14 November 1929) were two "feral
girls" from India who were alleged to have been raised by a wolf family.
Their story earned substantial mainstream attention and debate, particularly because the account was reported and promoted by only one source, the reverend who claimed to have discovered the girls. Most researchers argue the girls were autistic, and in his book L'Enigme des enfants-loup ("Enigma of the Wolf-Children," 2007) French surgeon Serge Aroles concluded that the reverend's story was a hoax.
Joseph Amrito Lal Singh, rector of the local orphanage
, published an account in the Calcutta Statesman saying that the two girls were given to him by a man who lived in the jungle near the village of Godamuri, in the district of Midnapore
, west of Calcutta, and that the girls, when he first saw them, lived in a sort of cage near the house. Later, he claimed that he himself rescued the girls from the wolves' den on October 9, 1920. He named the children and wrote his observations of them in a "diary" (consisting of loose sheets, some dated, some undated) for almost ten years — which, if accurate, would represent one of the best documented efforts to observe and rehabilitate feral children. The diary entry of October 17, 1920 states, "...the mother wolf, whose nature was so ferocious and affection so sublime. It struck me with wonder. I was simply amazed to think that an animal had such a noble feeling surpassing even that of mankind ... to bestow all the love and affection of a fond and ideal mother on these peculiar beings." Kamala was at the time about eight years old, Amala about 18 months.
es on their palms and knees from having walked on all fours. The girls were mostly nocturnal, had an aversion to sunshine, and could see very well in the dark. They also exhibited an acute sense of smell and an enhanced ability to hear.
The girls enjoyed the taste of raw meat and would eat out of a bowl on the ground. They seemed to be insensitive to cold and heat and appeared to show no human emotion
s of any kind, apart from fear
. At night they would howl like wolves, calling out to their "family". They did not speak.
Singh claims that he took on the difficult task of trying to teach them ordinary human behaviour. Amala died in 1921 of a kidney infection. Kamala showed signs of mourning
at her death. After this, Kamala became more approachable. She was eventually partially house-trained and became used to the company of other human beings. After years of hard work, she was able to walk upright a little, although never proficiently and would often revert to all fours when she needed to go somewhere quickly, and learned to speak a few words. She died in 1929 of kidney failure.
Feral child
A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language...
girls" from India who were alleged to have been raised by a wolf family.
Their story earned substantial mainstream attention and debate, particularly because the account was reported and promoted by only one source, the reverend who claimed to have discovered the girls. Most researchers argue the girls were autistic, and in his book L'Enigme des enfants-loup ("Enigma of the Wolf-Children," 2007) French surgeon Serge Aroles concluded that the reverend's story was a hoax.
Appearance
In 1926, The ReverendThe Reverend
The Reverend is a style most often used as a prefix to the names of Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. The Reverend is correctly called a style but is often and in some dictionaries called a...
Joseph Amrito Lal Singh, rector of the local orphanage
Orphanage
An orphanage is a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans – children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them...
, published an account in the Calcutta Statesman saying that the two girls were given to him by a man who lived in the jungle near the village of Godamuri, in the district of Midnapore
Midnapore
Midnapore is the district headquarters of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. It is situated on the banks of the Kangsabati River . This area had taken a pioneering role in India's freedom struggle...
, west of Calcutta, and that the girls, when he first saw them, lived in a sort of cage near the house. Later, he claimed that he himself rescued the girls from the wolves' den on October 9, 1920. He named the children and wrote his observations of them in a "diary" (consisting of loose sheets, some dated, some undated) for almost ten years — which, if accurate, would represent one of the best documented efforts to observe and rehabilitate feral children. The diary entry of October 17, 1920 states, "...the mother wolf, whose nature was so ferocious and affection so sublime. It struck me with wonder. I was simply amazed to think that an animal had such a noble feeling surpassing even that of mankind ... to bestow all the love and affection of a fond and ideal mother on these peculiar beings." Kamala was at the time about eight years old, Amala about 18 months.
Behaviour and treatment
Singh claims in his diary that, at the orphanage, the two girls showed wolf-like behaviour typical for feral children. They would not allow themselves to be dressed, scratched and bit people who tried to feed them, rejected cooked food and walked on all fours. Both girls had developed thick callusCallus
A callus is an especially toughened area of skin which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause blisters rather than allow calluses to form. Since repeated contact is required, calluses...
es on their palms and knees from having walked on all fours. The girls were mostly nocturnal, had an aversion to sunshine, and could see very well in the dark. They also exhibited an acute sense of smell and an enhanced ability to hear.
The girls enjoyed the taste of raw meat and would eat out of a bowl on the ground. They seemed to be insensitive to cold and heat and appeared to show no human emotion
Emotion
Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical and environmental influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience." Emotion is associated with mood,...
s of any kind, apart from fear
Fear
Fear is a distressing negative sensation induced by a perceived threat. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of danger...
. At night they would howl like wolves, calling out to their "family". They did not speak.
Singh claims that he took on the difficult task of trying to teach them ordinary human behaviour. Amala died in 1921 of a kidney infection. Kamala showed signs of mourning
Mourning
Mourning is, in the simplest sense, synonymous with grief over the death of someone. The word is also used to describe a cultural complex of behaviours in which the bereaved participate or are expected to participate...
at her death. After this, Kamala became more approachable. She was eventually partially house-trained and became used to the company of other human beings. After years of hard work, she was able to walk upright a little, although never proficiently and would often revert to all fours when she needed to go somewhere quickly, and learned to speak a few words. She died in 1929 of kidney failure.
Controversy
Because of the many different versions, none of them substantiated by any witnesses other than the Reverend Singh himself, there persists considerable controversy as to the veracity of the account. Most scientists considered Amala and Kamala autistic children with congenital defects. The "myth" of having been raised by wolves is an ancient Indian conception to explain the animal-like behaviour of abandoned children with congenital defects.Recent study
According to the French surgeon Serge Aroles, the case of Amala and Kamala is the most scandalous swindle concerning feral children. In his book L'Enigme des enfants-loup ("Enigma of the Wolf-Children," 2007), Aroles describes his research of the case. He scrutinized archives and formerly unknown sources and concludes:- The original diary which Singh claimed to have written "day after day during the life of the two wolf-girls" is false. It was written in India after 1935, six years after Kamala's death. (The original manuscript is kept in the manuscripts division of the US Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
). - The pictures showing the two wolf-girls walking on all fours, eating raw meat, and others, were taken in 1937, after the death of the girls. The pictures actually show two girls from Midnapore posing at Singh's request. The body and the face of the girl in the pictures are totally different from Kamala's body and face, as shown in true pictures of her.
- According to the medical doctor in charge of the orphanage, Kamala had none of the anomalies invented by Singh, such as very sharp and long teeth, all-four locomotion with fixed joints, nocturnal vision with emission of an intense blue glare by her eyes during the night, etc.
- According to several reliable testimonies collected in 1951-1952, Singh used to beat Kamala in order make her act as he had described in front of visitors.
- Aroles is reported to have letters between Singh and Professor Robert M. Zingg, in which Zingg expresses his belief in the financial value of the story and requesting to collaborate on its publication. After his publication of Singh's diary, Zingg sent a royalty payment of US$500 to Singh, who was desperately in need of money to maintain the orphanage.
- Zingg took Singh at his word as to the authenticity of his accounting of the girls. The book he co-authored with Singh, "Wolf-Children and Feral Man", drew extensive criticism from anthropologists, the most outspoken of which being Ashley Montague. Zingg paid dearly for his failure to independently verify the authenticity of Singh's account and the fallout of this controversy resulted in dismissal from Dr Zingg’s academic post at the University of Denver in 1942. He never taught again after the scandal.
- Kamala was afflicted with a neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndromeRett syndromeRett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females. The clinical features include small hands and feet and a deceleration of the rate of head growth . Repetitive hand movements, such as wringing and/or repeatedly putting hands into...
.
Sources
- P. J. Blumenthal: Kaspar Hausers Geschwister - Auf der Suche nach dem wilden Menschen (Deuticke, Vienna/Frankfurt, 2003, ISBN 3-216-30632-1)