Amphisphaeriaceae
Encyclopedia
The Amphisphaeriaceae are a family of fungi that is mainly found in parts of New Zealand
, South America
, Asia
and parts of Europe
. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, there are 41 genera placed within the family, although the position of 13 of those genera is uncertain.
Caryospora
, Strickeria
, Ohleria
, and Amphisphaeria
, among others. However, the name was forgotten over time. In 1964, the name was reintroduced as the current Amphisphaeriaceae, and genera such as Apiorynchostoma, and again, Amphisphaeria. There was plenty of controversy about which order the Amphisphaeriaceae should be placed in. In 1973, Amphisphaeriaceae was placed under the Order
Sphaeriales (and some sources still classify it as such).In 1983, however,Amphisphaeriaceae was placed in under the Order Amphisphaeriales, along with Cainiaceae, and Hyponectriaceae
. After much study, however, Cainiaceae was merged with Amphisphaeriaceae, and were considered Xylariaceous. Because of this, Amphisphaeriaceae was officially placed in the Order Xylariales
in 1993.
are cylindrical or club-shaped, and they have a simple top ring that is amyloid
(starchy), or sometimes nonamyloid. Many Amphisphaeriaceae genera have not been linked to anamorphs.
Many fungi that are part of the family are fatal to plants, causing them to die. In fact, several genera of Amphisphaeriaceae have been listed as invasive species.
Amphisphaerella
—
Amphisphaeria
—
Arecophila
—
Blogiascospora
—
?Broomella
—
Cannonia
—
?Capsulospora
—
Ceriophora
—
?Ceriospora
—
Chitonospora
—
?Clypeophysalospora
—
Discostroma
—
Distorimula
—
Dyrithiopsis
—
?Dyrithium
—
?Ellurema
—
Flagellosphaeria
—
Frondispora
—
Funiliomyces
—
Griphosphaerioma
—
Iodosphaeria
—
Lanceispora
—
?Leiosphaerella
—
?Lepteutypa
—
Lindquistomyces
—
Manokwaria
—
Monographella
—
Mukhakesa
—
Neobroomella
—
Neohypodiscus
—
Ommatomyces
—
?Oxydothis
—
Paracainiella
—
?Pemphidium
—
?Pestalosphaeria
—
?Reticulosphaeria
—
?Urosporella
—
Urosporellopsis
—
Xylochora
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
, South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
, Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
and parts of Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, there are 41 genera placed within the family, although the position of 13 of those genera is uncertain.
Origins and controversies
This family of fungi was established as Amphispaerieae to contain the previously unclassified generaGenera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
Caryospora
Caryospora
Caryospora is a genus of fungi in the family Zopfiaceae....
, Strickeria
Strickeria
Strickeria is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown ....
, Ohleria
Ohleria
Ohleria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae....
, and Amphisphaeria
Amphisphaeria
Amphisphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae....
, among others. However, the name was forgotten over time. In 1964, the name was reintroduced as the current Amphisphaeriaceae, and genera such as Apiorynchostoma, and again, Amphisphaeria. There was plenty of controversy about which order the Amphisphaeriaceae should be placed in. In 1973, Amphisphaeriaceae was placed under the Order
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
Sphaeriales (and some sources still classify it as such).In 1983, however,Amphisphaeriaceae was placed in under the Order Amphisphaeriales, along with Cainiaceae, and Hyponectriaceae
Hyponectriaceae
The Hyponectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Xylariales.-Genera:* Apiothyrium* Arecomyces – placement uncertain* Arwidssonia* Cesatiella* Chamaeascus* Charonectria* Discosphaerina* Exarmidium...
. After much study, however, Cainiaceae was merged with Amphisphaeriaceae, and were considered Xylariaceous. Because of this, Amphisphaeriaceae was officially placed in the Order Xylariales
Xylariales
Xylariales is an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes , subphylum Pezizomycotina, phylum Ascomycota. It is the only order of the subclass Xylariomycetidae....
in 1993.
Current status
At present, Amphisphaeriaceae is a large, complicated family of ascomycetes. The asciAscus
An ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. On average, asci normally contain eight ascospores, produced by a meiotic cell division followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can number one , two, four, or multiples...
are cylindrical or club-shaped, and they have a simple top ring that is amyloid
Amyloid
Amyloids are insoluble fibrous protein aggregates sharing specific structural traits. Abnormal accumulation of amyloid in organs may lead to amyloidosis, and may play a role in various neurodegenerative diseases.-Definition:...
(starchy), or sometimes nonamyloid. Many Amphisphaeriaceae genera have not been linked to anamorphs.
Genera
A question mark before the genus name means the position of the taxon in this family is uncertain.Amphisphaerella
Amphisphaerella
Amphisphaerella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae....
—
Amphisphaeria
Amphisphaeria
Amphisphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae....
—
Arecophila
Arecophila
Arecophila is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
Blogiascospora
Blogiascospora
Blogiascospora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Blogiascospora marginata....
—
?Broomella
Broomella
Broomella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain....
—
Cannonia
Cannonia
Cannonia is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Cannonia australis.-External links:*...
—
?Capsulospora
Capsulospora
Capsulospora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
Ceriophora
Ceriophora
Ceriophora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae....
—
?Ceriospora
Ceriospora
Ceriospora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement of this family is uncertain....
—
Chitonospora
Chitonospora
Chitonospora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Chitonospora ammophila.-External links:*...
—
?Clypeophysalospora
Clypeophysalospora
Clypeophysalospora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Clypeophysalospora latitans....
—
Discostroma
Discostroma
Discostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
Distorimula
Distorimula
Distorimula is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Distorimula mexicana.-External links:*...
—
Dyrithiopsis
Dyrithiopsis
Dyrithiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dyrithiopsis lakefuxianensis.-External links:*...
—
?Dyrithium
Dyrithium
Dyrithium is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Dyrithium lividum.-External links:*...
—
?Ellurema
Ellurema
Ellurema is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Ellurema indica.-External links:*...
—
Flagellosphaeria
Flagellosphaeria
Flagellosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Flagellosphaeria polytrichospora.-External links:*...
—
Frondispora
Frondispora
Frondispora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Frondispora bicalcarata.-External links:*...
—
Funiliomyces
Funiliomyces
Funiliomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Funiliomyces biseptatus.-External links:*...
—
Griphosphaerioma
Griphosphaerioma
Griphosphaerioma is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
Iodosphaeria
Iodosphaeria
Iodosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
Lanceispora
Lanceispora
Lanceispora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
?Leiosphaerella
Leiosphaerella
Leiosphaerella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
?Lepteutypa
Lepteutypa
Lepteutypa is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. First described by the Austrian mycologist Franz Petrak in 1923, the genus contains 10 species according to a 2008 estimate....
—
Lindquistomyces
Lindquistomyces
Lindquistomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Lindquistomyces antarcticus.-External links:*...
—
Manokwaria
Manokwaria
Manokwaria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Manokwaria notabilis.-External links:*...
—
Monographella
Monographella
Monographella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. The teleomorph is Microdochium.-External links:*...
—
Mukhakesa
Mukhakesa
Mukhakesa is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Mukhakesa lignicola.-External links:*...
—
Neobroomella
Neobroomella
Neobroomella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Neobroomella ciliata.-External links:*...
—
Neohypodiscus
Neohypodiscus
Neohypodiscus is a genus of fungi in the family Boliniaceae. The genus contains three widely distributed species....
—
Ommatomyces
Ommatomyces
Ommatomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
—
?Oxydothis
Oxydothis
Oxydothis is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
Paracainiella
Paracainiella
Paracainiella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Paracainiella dryadis.-External links:*...
—
?Pemphidium
Pemphidium
Pemphidium is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
?Pestalosphaeria
Pestalosphaeria
Pestalosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
?Reticulosphaeria
Reticulosphaeria
Reticulosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Reticulosphaeria indica....
—
?Urosporella
Urosporella
Urosporella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae; according to the 2003 Outline of Ascomycota, the placement in this family is uncertain.-External links:*...
—
Urosporellopsis
Urosporellopsis
Urosporellopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Urosporellopsis taiwanensis.-External links:*...
—
Xylochora
Xylochora
Xylochora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.-External links:*...
Works cited
- http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Amphisphaeriaceae_Family.asp
- http://www.invasive.org/listview.cfm?list=4
- http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=42641
- http://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD_1_147-157.pdf
- http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/97129
- http://www.invasive.org/browse/family.cfm?id=902