Anandyn Amar
Encyclopedia
Anandyn Amar (1886–1941) was the head of state of the Mongolian People’s Republic from 1932 to 1936 as well as prime minister
from 1928–1930 and again from 1936-1939.
), born in 1886 in present-day Khangal
district of Bulgan Province
(then called Daichin Van Khoshuu of the Tushiyetu Khagan Aimag), was the son of a poor nobleman, the "khokhi taij" or "impoverished prince" Anand. From his childhood he studied Mongolian, Manchu and Tibetan in the Khoshuu school. In his youth he worked his way up from being a local official. From 1913-1919 he worked in the foreign ministry of Autonomous Mongolia.
One of the founders of the Mongolian People’s Party, later to be renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
or MPRP, member of the MPRP Central Committee and its Presidium, member of the 1st through 7th Small Khurals.
From 1930 to 1932 Amar was chairman of the science committee and then from 1932 to 1936 he was elected chairman of the presidium of the Small Hural, the government body that exercised day-to-day control over affairs of state.
Amar was once again appointed prime minister (concurrently foreign minister) on February 22, 1936. He remained in the position until March 7, 1939 when he was purged (arrested and convicted of counterrevolutionary activities).
Shortly after commencing his second term as prime minister in 1936 Amar, along with Dansrangiin Dogsom, came under suspicion of counterrevolutionary activity when he pardoned prisoners implicated in the Lkhümbe case in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the revolution. (Jambyn Lkhüme was secretary of the MPRP Central Committee who had been arrested by the Inter Security Directorate on charges of counterrevolution, tried and executed in 1934. A number of other innocent people were also arrested at the time). Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who had recently been appointed minister of internal affairs, exclaimed “We have to get rid of this feudal trouble-maker Amar!
Joseph Stalin
had for a long time wished to remove Amar, but he was so highly respected that the Soviets dared not touch him. Stalin believed that Amar had been engaging in espionage for Japanese intelligence. The Russians had long feared a Japanese attack across Mongolia that could cut the trans-siberian railway
. Stalin had once remarked that if the Japanese had achieved such a victory, “the USSR would be finished”
In September 1938 Choibalson traveled to Moscow and with Stalin. There he received new instructions regarding the next phase of the purge. Choibalson was ordered to have Luvsansharav, Secretary of the Mongolian Central Committee, remove Amar from his position through a government resolution that would accuse Amar of conducting poisonous activities against the state. After a sufficient propaganda campaign to destroy Amar’s reputation in Mongolia, he would be arrested.
At the end of the one day trial Amar was found guilty, forced from the prime ministership and expelled from MPRP. He was then arrested by ministry of internal affairs. In July 1939 Amar’s case passed to NKVD
, and Amar was sent to Siberian town of Chita and then on to Moscow. There, Amar was tortured into making a full confession of all “his crimes”. Ironically, while awaiting trial in Moscow Amar was jailed with Luvsansharav, the very same person who had arrested him. Shortly after Amer’s trial Luvsansharav had been arrested when Moscow sought to tie up loose strings as the purges drew to a close.
and sentenced to death. Throughout the trial Amar insisted that, if the Mongolian People’s Republic were really an independent nation, he should be tried by a Mongolian court. His last recorded words were “it is typical that when a big power colonizes a small country, its leaders are arrested and persecuted. My personal experience demonstrates this attitude of the USSR towards Mongolia”.
The exact place and date of Amar’s execution remains unknown, however some oral evidence suggests his body was thrown from an airplane.
Amar authored several books including “The tenth Anniversary and Scientific Production”(1931), “On the Development of the Mongolian National Script” (1933) and ”Short History of Mongolia” (1934).
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
from 1928–1930 and again from 1936-1939.
Early life and career
Amar (literally meaning "peace/peaceful" in the Mongolian languageMongolian language
The Mongolian language is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner...
), born in 1886 in present-day Khangal
Khangal
Khangal is a sum of Bulgan Province in northern Mongolia. The urban-type settlement Khyalganat is located approx. 25 km N from Khangal sum center....
district of Bulgan Province
Bulgan Province
Bulgan is one of the 21 aimags of Mongolia, located in northern Mongolia. Its capital is also named Bulgan.- Geography :The aimag is surrounded by the aimags Khövsgöl in the northwest, Arkhangai in the southwest, Övörkhangai in the south, Töv in the southeast, and Selenge in the northeast...
(then called Daichin Van Khoshuu of the Tushiyetu Khagan Aimag), was the son of a poor nobleman, the "khokhi taij" or "impoverished prince" Anand. From his childhood he studied Mongolian, Manchu and Tibetan in the Khoshuu school. In his youth he worked his way up from being a local official. From 1913-1919 he worked in the foreign ministry of Autonomous Mongolia.
One of the founders of the Mongolian People’s Party, later to be renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
The Mongolian People's Party formerly the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party is an ex-communist political party in Mongolia. The party is abbreviated MPP in English and ' in Mongolian...
or MPRP, member of the MPRP Central Committee and its Presidium, member of the 1st through 7th Small Khurals.
The Mongolian People's Republic
Between 1919 to 1921 he was minister of foreign affairs, minister of internal economic affairs in the provisional government of the newly founded Mongolian People’s Republic. From 1923 to 1928 Amar served as deputy prime minister and was subsequently appointed prime minister on February 21, 1928 upon the death of B. Tserendorj, a position he held until April 27, 1930.From 1930 to 1932 Amar was chairman of the science committee and then from 1932 to 1936 he was elected chairman of the presidium of the Small Hural, the government body that exercised day-to-day control over affairs of state.
Amar was once again appointed prime minister (concurrently foreign minister) on February 22, 1936. He remained in the position until March 7, 1939 when he was purged (arrested and convicted of counterrevolutionary activities).
Shortly after commencing his second term as prime minister in 1936 Amar, along with Dansrangiin Dogsom, came under suspicion of counterrevolutionary activity when he pardoned prisoners implicated in the Lkhümbe case in honor of the fifteenth anniversary of the revolution. (Jambyn Lkhüme was secretary of the MPRP Central Committee who had been arrested by the Inter Security Directorate on charges of counterrevolution, tried and executed in 1934. A number of other innocent people were also arrested at the time). Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who had recently been appointed minister of internal affairs, exclaimed “We have to get rid of this feudal trouble-maker Amar!
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
had for a long time wished to remove Amar, but he was so highly respected that the Soviets dared not touch him. Stalin believed that Amar had been engaging in espionage for Japanese intelligence. The Russians had long feared a Japanese attack across Mongolia that could cut the trans-siberian railway
Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway is a network of railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. It is the longest railway in the world...
. Stalin had once remarked that if the Japanese had achieved such a victory, “the USSR would be finished”
In September 1938 Choibalson traveled to Moscow and with Stalin. There he received new instructions regarding the next phase of the purge. Choibalson was ordered to have Luvsansharav, Secretary of the Mongolian Central Committee, remove Amar from his position through a government resolution that would accuse Amar of conducting poisonous activities against the state. After a sufficient propaganda campaign to destroy Amar’s reputation in Mongolia, he would be arrested.
Denunciation and arrest
March 7, 1939 Luvsansharav and Choibalson publicly charged Amar with counterrevolutionary activities at an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee and the State Small Khural. When Amar took the floor in his own defense he said
“Although I believe in religion, the one thing that I believe in even more is that Mongolia should stand firmly on her feet to become an independent country. I love my country. I have shown this with my work. I have been among the first to devote myself to the cause of my country’s development, and my heart is breaking to finally witness myself being called a traitor and being subjected to castigation”
At the end of the one day trial Amar was found guilty, forced from the prime ministership and expelled from MPRP. He was then arrested by ministry of internal affairs. In July 1939 Amar’s case passed to NKVD
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
, and Amar was sent to Siberian town of Chita and then on to Moscow. There, Amar was tortured into making a full confession of all “his crimes”. Ironically, while awaiting trial in Moscow Amar was jailed with Luvsansharav, the very same person who had arrested him. Shortly after Amer’s trial Luvsansharav had been arrested when Moscow sought to tie up loose strings as the purges drew to a close.
Trial in Moscow
On July 10, 1941 Amar was tried by a Soviet troikaTroika
The general meaning of the Russian and Bulgarian word troika is three of a kind, a collection of three or simply the number three. It may also mean:-Politics:* Troika of judges or political leaders...
and sentenced to death. Throughout the trial Amar insisted that, if the Mongolian People’s Republic were really an independent nation, he should be tried by a Mongolian court. His last recorded words were “it is typical that when a big power colonizes a small country, its leaders are arrested and persecuted. My personal experience demonstrates this attitude of the USSR towards Mongolia”.
The exact place and date of Amar’s execution remains unknown, however some oral evidence suggests his body was thrown from an airplane.
Rehabilitation
December 15, 1956, after reviewing Stalin’s purges, military collegiums found no evidence of Amar’s guilt. On January 25, 1962, he was rehabilitated, and on September 26, 1989, his membership in the MPRP restored.Amar authored several books including “The tenth Anniversary and Scientific Production”(1931), “On the Development of the Mongolian National Script” (1933) and ”Short History of Mongolia” (1934).
Excerpt
In the prologue of his book the "Short History of Mongolia" (Mongolin Tovch Tuukh, 1934, Ulaanbaatar) Anandyn Amar wrote:
“It is truly unbearably sad that the Mongol ethnicity, despite having since ancient times and especially in the time of Genghis Khan run a glorious path of development among the countries of Asia and Europe, should in these latter days have been divided into many parts, with some unable to protect and safeguard their ethnic roots, customs, land and property, revering a powerful foreign entity while not having any power or policy to carry out their own affairs or accomplish pertinent actions, not only subjecting themselves to others' authority but actually striving to accomplish the policies and interests of foreign entities. Imperialist nations such as the Manj (Manchus) and Khyatad (Chinese), who have historically tried to convert the Mongol nation into their trading shops and establish their own sole hegemony while fixing prices at their own whim for exploitative purposes, are now at this very moment fighting amongst each other to convert our own nationally identical Inner Mongolia into their trading shop. And so it is that the Mongol nation of animal husbandry (Inner and Outer Mongolia) has fallen so low as to meet the fate of becoming a trading shop of other nations.”