Ancient Greek verbs have four moods

Grammatical mood

In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used to signal modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying...

 (indicative, imperative

Imperative mood

The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...

, subjunctive

Subjunctive mood

In grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of irreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred....

 and optative

Optative mood

The optative mood is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope. It is similar to the cohortative mood, and closely related to the subjunctive mood....

), three voices (active

Active voice

Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages, including English and most other Indo-European languages....

, middle and passive

Passive voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. Passive is used in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb. That is, the subject undergoes an action or has its state changed. A sentence whose theme is marked as grammatical subject is...

), as well as three persons

Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns...

 (first, second and third) and three numbers

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....

 (singular, dual and plural). Verb

Verb

A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...

s are conjugated

Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, or other grammatical categories...

 in four main combinations of tense

Grammatical tense

A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...

 and aspect

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker...

 (present

Present tense

The present tense is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb...

, future

Future tense

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future , or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future .-Expressions of future tense:The concept of the future,...

, perfect, and aorist

Aorist

Aorist is a philological term originally from Indo-European studies, referring to verb forms of various languages that are not necessarily related or similar in meaning...

), with a full complement of moods for each of these main "tenses", except for the following restrictions:

• There is no future subjunctive or imperative.
• There are separate passive-voice forms (distinct from the middle) only in the future and aorist.

In addition, for each of the four "tenses", there exist, in each voice, an infinitive

Infinitive

In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...

 and participle

Participle

In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. It can be used in compound verb tenses or voices , or as a modifier...

s. There is also an imperfect indicative that can be constructed from the present using a prefix (the "augment

Augment (linguistics)

In linguistics, the augment is a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages such as Sanskrit, to form the past tenses.-Indo-European languages:...

") and the secondary endings. A pluperfect and future perfect

Future Perfect

-Album Credits:*Produced by T-Bone Burnett*All Songs Written by Autolux*Engineered by Mike Piersante*Mixed by Dave Sardy*Mastered by Stephen Marcussen *Artwork by Carla Azar-Vinyl releases:...

 indicative also exist, but are rather rare. The distinction of the "tenses" in moods other than the indicative is predominantly one of aspect

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker...

 rather than time. The Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...

 verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...

 (PIE).

A distinction is traditionally made between the so called athematic verbs, with endings affixed directly to the root (also called mi-verbs) and the thematic class of verbs which present a "thematic" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the ending. All athematic roots end in a vowel except for /es-/ "be". The endings are classified into primary (those used in the present, future, perfect and rare future perfect of the indicative, as well as in the subjunctive) and secondary (used in the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect of the indicative, as well as in the optative). Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle voice and adds a passive voice, with separate forms only in the future and aorist (elsewhere, the middle forms are used).

Tenses

The Ancient Greek verbal system has seven tense

Grammatical tense

A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...

-aspect

Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker...

 forms, traditionally called "tenses". The temporal distinctions only appear in the indicative. Four of these forms (in bold) are found in other moods

Grammatical mood

In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used to signal modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying...

, where they distinguish aspect only, or, in the case of the future, express relative tense

Relative and absolute tense

Grammatical tenses are deictic; that is, the time they refer to cannot be known without context. The center of deixis may be either the moment of discourse or narration or the moment under discussion .English uses absolute tense...

.

		perfective aspect Perfective aspect The perfective aspect , sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. The perfective aspect is equivalent to the aspectual component of past perfective forms...	imperfective aspect Imperfective aspect The imperfective is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed with internal structure, such as ongoing, habitual, repeated, and similar semantic roles, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future...	perfect aspect
primary sequence	future time Future tense In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future , or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future .-Expressions of future tense:The concept of the future,...	future		future perfect
	present time Present tense The present tense is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb...	—	present	perfect
secondary sequence	past time Past tense The past tense is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment , or prior to some specified time that may be in the speaker's past, present, or future...	aorist	imperfect	pluperfect

• Present (Greek ἐνεστώς "standing within") describes an action which is happening at the time of speaking or regularly:

ἀνὴρ θύει βοῦν.

A man is sacrificing an ox.

• Imperfect (Greek παρατατικός, from παρατείνω "prolong") describes an action which used to happen in the past:

ἀνὴρ ἔθυε βοῦν.

A man used to sacrifice an ox.

• Future (Greek μέλλων "about to be") describes an action which will happen in the future:

ἀνὴρ θύσει βοῦν.

A man will sacrifice an ox.

• Aorist
  Aorist
  Aorist is a philological term originally from Indo-European studies, referring to verb forms of various languages that are not necessarily related or similar in meaning...
  
  (Greek ἀόριστος "unbounded" or "indefinite") describes an action "pure and simple."

ἀνὴρ ἔθυσε βοῦν.

A man sacrificed an ox.

• Perfect (Greek παρακείμενος "lying nearby") describes a present state resulting from a finished action:

ἀνὴρ τέθυκε βοῦν.

A man has sacrificed an ox.

• Pluperfect (Greek ὑπερσυντέλικος "more than completed") describes a past state resulting from a (farther in the past) finished action:

ἀνὴρ ἐτεθύκει βοῦν.

A man had sacrificed an ox.

• Future Perfect (Greek συντελεσμένος μέλλων "about to be completed") describes a future state that will result from a finished action:

ἀνὴρ τεθυκὼς ἔσται βοῦν.

A man will have sacrificed an ox.

Moods

There are four moods (ἐγκλίσεις "bendings" or "tippings": translated by Latin inflectiōnēs) and two non-finite verb

Non-finite verb

In linguistics, a non-finite verb is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person...

 forms.

• Indicative (Greek ὁριστική "bounded"):

ἀνὴρ θύει βοῦν.

A man is sacrificing an ox.

• Subjunctive (Greek ὑποτακτική "arranged underneath"):

πέμπουσιν ἄνδρα, ἵνα θύσῃ βοῦν.

They are sending a man in order for him to sacrifice an ox.

• Optative
  Optative (Ancient Greek)
  The optative mood, from Ancient Greek " for wishing" and Latin " of wishing", is a grammatical mood of the Ancient Greek verb, named for its use as a way to express wishes. It is also used to express potentiality and to replace other moods in dependent clauses under past-tense main...
  
  (Greek: εὐκτική, from εὐκτός "wished for"):

εἴθε ἀνὴρ θύοι βοῦν.

I wish a man would sacrifice an ox.

ἔλεγον ὅτι ἀνὴρ οὐ θύοι βοῦν.

They said that a man doesn't sacrifice an ox.

εἰ βούλοιτο, θύοι ἂν βοῦν.

If he wanted, he would sacrifice an ox.

• Imperative (Greek: προστακτική, from προστάσσω "command"):

ἄνερ, θῦσον βοῦν.

Man, sacrifice an ox.

• Infinitive (Greek: ἀπαρέμφατον "not indicated"):

βούλομαι ἄνδρα θῦσαι βοῦν.

I want a man to sacrifice an ox.

νομίζω ἄνδρα θῦσαι βοῦν.

I think that a man sacrificed an ox.

• Participle (Greek: μετοχή "a sharing"):

οἶδα ἄνδρα θύοντα βοῦν.

I know that a man is sacrificing an ox.

Voices

The Ancient Greek grammar has three voices. The middle and the passive voice are the same except in the future and aorists.

• Active voice, declares that the subject of the verb is acting and the action is received by another.

ἀνὴρ θύει βοῦν (A man is sacrificing an ox).

ἄνερ, θῦσον βοῦν (Man, sacrifice an ox).

• Middle voice (or "reflexive voice") often declares that the subject of the verb is acting and the action is received by itself.

ἀνὴρ τιμᾶται (A man is honouring himself).

ἀνὴρ ἐτιμήσατο (A man honoured himself).

In later Koine Greek grammar

Koine Greek grammar

Koine Greek grammar is a subclass of Ancient Greek grammar peculiar to the Koine Greek dialect which includes many forms of Hellenistic era Greek, and authors such as Plutarch and Lucian, as well as many of the surviving inscriptions and papyri....

 the trend to greater use of reflexive pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent...

s means that middle voice becomes more used for other meanings.

• Passive voice, declares that the subject of the verb is receiving an action acted by another.

ἀνὴρ τιμᾶται ὑπ' ἀνδρός (A man is honoured by a man). In this tense the verb is same with the verb of the middle voice.

ἀνὴρ ἐτιμήθη ὑπ' ἀνδρός (A man was honoured by a man). In this tense the verb is different from the verb of the middle voice (aorist).

This situation is complicated somewhat by the facts that some middle verbs have active meanings, and that some verbs take different voices in different tenses.

Principal parts

Verbs have six principal parts: present (I), future (II), aorist (III), perfect (IV), perfect middle (V) and aorist passive (VI), each listed in its first-person singular form:

• Part I forms the entire present system, as well as the imperfect.
• Part II forms the future tense in the active and middle voices.
• Part III forms the aorist in the active and middle voices.
• Part IV forms the perfect and pluperfect in the active voice, and the (exceedingly rare) future perfect, active.
• Part V forms the perfect and pluperfect in the middle voice, and the (rare) future perfect, middle.
• Part VI forms the aorist and future in the passive voice.

One principal part can sometimes be predicted from another, but not with any certainty. For some classes of verbs, however, all principal parts can be predicted given the first one. This mostly includes contracted verbs (present stem ending in /a/, /e/, /o/) and verbs ending in /eu/ and /izd/. There are also certain other regularities; for example, the stem in part IV often occurs in parts V and VI as well.

Present tense

The thematic present stem is formed in various ways:

• With no suffix. (That is, the thematic endings, beginning with a thematic /o/ or /e/ vowel, is added directly to the verb stem.)
• With a suffix /j/, which transforms the final consonant in various complex ways (/pj/, /phj/, /bj/ -> /pt/; /tj/, /thj/, /kj/, /khj/ -> /tt/ (Attic), /ss/ (Ionic); /gj/, /dj/ -> /zd/; /lj/ -> /ll/; /mj/ -> /jm/; /nj/ -> /jn/; /rj/ -> /jr/). Because stems in /g/, /k/ and /kh/ tend to become indistinguishable in other tenses (likewise for /d/, /t/, and /th/), the /tt/ and /zd/ presents were easily interchanged, with the tendency for all dental stems to move into the /zd/ class and all velar stems into the /tt/ class.
• With a suffix /sk/.
• With a suffix and/or infix /n/.

Contracted verbs

An additional, extremely important class is that of contracted verbs, where the stem itself ends in a vowel, and the vowel contracts with the initial (thematic) vowel of the endings. There are three varieties, depending on whether the stem ends with /a/, /e/ or /o/, and the details of contraction are extremely complex. The earliest contract verbs arose from loss of intervocalic /s/ or /j/, when the latter (the present stem suffix /j/) was added to noun stems ending in a vowel; but soon, these verbs were formed directly from noun stems (so-called denominative verbs). Many later verbs were derived by analogy from various other kinds of nouns (compare the development of the denominative -āre, -ēre, and -īre classes in Latin, with -āre eventually becoming dominant regardless of the noun declension on which the verb was based).

Future tense

The future stem is normally formed from the verb stem (minus any present suffix) with /s/ added and a preceding short vowel lengthened. Verb stems in /m/, /n/, /l/ and /r/, however, as well as most stems in izd, usually add /e/ instead (deleting the zd in the case of these verbs), and form contracted futures, conjugated like contracted presents. (Note: Verb stems in /a/, /e/ and /o/, which form contracted presents, do not have contracted futures; rather, they have futures ending in /ēs/, /ēs/, and /ōs/, respectively. One verb, however, kaleō (kalô) "I call", forms a future based on its root /kal/. This will be a contracted future; hence, the present and future of this verb are both contracted and both nearly identical.)

Aorist

The aorist stem is formed in three basic ways, with three corresponding sets of endings:

• First or weak aorists add /s/ onto the verb stem (with a preceding short vowel lengthened, as for the future). The first aorist endings mostly begin with a thematic /a/, so alternatively the stem can be said to end with /sa/. (Note that the /s/ is absorbed following an /m/, /n/, /l/ or /r/, with compensatory lengthening
  Compensatory lengthening
  Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda...
  
   of the preceding vowel. This is called a crypto-sigmatic aorist, as the s is "hidden".) Following a /p/ or /k/ (pi or kappa) the sigma combines with the preceding character to form psi and xi respectively. Following a /z/ (zeta/zdeta) the sigma replaces the /z/ character entirely as /zs/ or /zds/ (according to many schools of pronunciation) is too difficult to pronounce.
• Second or strong aorists are formed by removing any present suffix or infix, and reducing the root vowel (to the zero-grade of Indo-European ablaut
  Indo-European ablaut
  In linguistics, ablaut is a system of apophony in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages...
  
  ) if possible (mostly ei -> i). Some second aorists are formed by suppletion
  Suppletion
  In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate. For those learning a language, suppletive forms will be seen as "irregular" or even "highly irregular". The term "suppletion" implies...
  
  , i.e., the use of a completely different stem from the present form. Second aorists add the same endings as for the imperfect (in the indicative) and the present (all other moods, plus infinitives and participles); hence, the second aorist stem can never be the same as the present stem.
• Root or athematic aorists. The stem assumes a form ending in a long vowel, and athematic endings are added directly onto it.

The aorist indicative (but no other form) also has an augment

Augment (linguistics)

In linguistics, the augment is a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages, most notably Greek, Armenian, and the Indo-Iranian languages such as Sanskrit, to form the past tenses.-Indo-European languages:...

 added onto the beginning.

Occasionally, two different aorists exist for a single verb, with different meanings: A first (or second) aorist with a transitive meaning, and a root aorist with an intransitive meaning. This was the origin of the aorist passive, which takes active athematic endings.

The aorist passive comes in two varieties, first and second. The first aorist adds thē onto the verb stem, while the second adds ē. Active athematic endings are added onto this.

Perfect

The perfect involves reduplication

Reduplication

Reduplication in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word is repeated exactly or with a slight change....

 of the beginning of the stem (see below).

The perfect active stem (principal part IV) comes in two varieties:

• First perfect, which usually adds k (sometimes ēk or ek). A preceding dental is lost and a preceding short vowel sometimes lengthened. The k-perfect is not added directly onto labial-final or velar-final stems; instead, the aspirated perfect is used, with a final labial becoming ph and a final velar kh.
• Second perfect, which adds no suffix, but may modify the root vowel (into the o-grade of Indo-European ablaut
  Indo-European ablaut
  In linguistics, ablaut is a system of apophony in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages...
  
  ).

The endings are the same in both cases.

The perfect middle stem (principal part V) is formed by direct addition of middle endings onto the (reduplicated) verb stem, with a preceding short vowel sometimes lengthened.

• Occasionally, two different perfect actives exist for a single verb, with different meanings, analogously to aorists: A first perfect with a transitive meaning, and a second perfect aorist with an intransitive meaning. From πράττω (prāttō) "I do, I fare": πέπραχα (peprākha) "I have done", πέπραγα (peprāga) "I have fared". From φαίνω (phainō) "I show": πέφαγκα (pephanka) "I have shown", πέφηνα (pephēna) "I have appeared".

• Sometimes the intransitive form of a perfect has a present meaning. From ὄλλυμι (ollūmi) "I destroy, I lose": ὀλώλεκα (olōleka) "I have destroyed, I have lost", ὄλωλα (olōla) "I am ruined". From πείθω (peithō) "I persuade": πέπεικα (pepeika) "I have persuaded", πέποιθα (pepoitha) "I trust".

• Sometimes only one perfect exists,with a present, intransitive meaning. From ἵστημι (histēmi) "I set, I cause to stand": ἕστηκα (hestēka) "I am standing". From ῥήγνυμι (rhēgnūmi) "I break": ἔρρωγα (errhōga) "I am broken". From θνῄσκω (thnēiskō) "I die": τέθνηκα (tethnēka) "I am dead". From μιμνῄσκω (mimnēiskō) "I remind": μέμνημαι (memnēmai) (middle) "I remember". From ἐγείρω (egeirō) "I arouse": ἐγρήγορα (egrēgora) "I am awake". From κτάομαι (ktaomai) (middle) "I acquire": κέκτημαι (kektēmai) (middle) "I possess".

Deponents, semi-deponents

Some verbs, called deponent

Deponent verb

In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive. A deponent verb doesn't have active forms; it can be said to have deposited them .-Greek:...

 verbs, have a middle form but active meaning. Most such verbs have no active forms at all. There are two types:

• Middle deponents have middle forms in all stems. These will have principal parts I, II, III and V only (sometimes also part VI, with passive meaning).
• Passive deponents (less common) have middle forms in most stems, but passive form in the aorist. These will have principal parts I, II, V and VI only. (Most such verbs still have a middle future, not a passive future.)

Some verbs have active forms in some stems, middle or passive in others, with no middle or passive meaning. These are called semi-deponents and have many variations:

• Most common are active verbs with middle future stems.
• Some verbs are active verbs but with a middle perfect stem [δοκέω (dokeō) "seem, think"; εἴργω (eirgō) "imprison, prevent"; ἐλέγχω (elenkhō) "examine, confute"; θάπτω (thaptō) "bury"; σκεδάννυμι (skedannūmi) "scatter"; σφάλλω (sphallō) "trip up"; τιτρώσκω (titrōskō) "wound"].
• Some verbs are active verbs but with middle future and perfect stems [e.g., δάκνω (daknō) "bite"].
• Some verbs are middle verbs but with an active perfect stem [e.g., γίγνομαι (gignomai) "become"].
• Some verbs are middle verbs but with active aorist and perfect stems [e.g., ἁλίσκομαι (haliskomai) "be captured"].
• Other combinations exist as well.

Verbs in vowel stems

• Completely regular eu / au verbs: παιδεύω (paideuō), παιδεύσω (paideusō), ἐπαίδευσα (epaideusa), πεπαίδευκα (pepaideuka), πεπαίδευμαι (pepaideumai), ἐπαιδεύθην (epaideuthēn) "educate".

Likewise are declined: poreuō, ekporeuō - "travel", kyrieuō, katakyrieuō - "dominate", katapauō - "take rest",phyteuō - "plant", peripateuō - "take a walk",

• The standard paradigmatic verb: λύω (lūō), λύσω (lūsō), ἔλυσα (elūsa), λέλυκα (leluka), λέλυμαι (lelumai), ἐλύθην (eluthēn) "free, release; (middle) ransom". (Note variable vowel length. In Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
  , all parts have a short u.)

Likewise are declined: thūō - "sacrifice",

• Verbs in /u/ with some peculiarities: dūō, dūsō, edūsa, edūn, deduka, dedumai, eduthēn "wear" (Athematic second aorist, otherwise like the previous).

Likewise are declined: endūō - "don",

• A regular contracted verb in e: ποιέω (poieō) [ποιῶ (poiô)], ποιήσω (poiēsō), ἐποίησα (epoiēsa), πεποίηκα (pepoiēka), πεποίημαι (pepoiēmai), ἐποιήθην (epoiēthēn) "make, do".

Likewise are declined: eulogeō - "bless", emphyseō - "inhale", oikodomeō - "build", proskolleō - "stick", katanoeō - "contemplate", dianoeō - "brood", phobeō - "fear", tēreō - "hurt",

• Contracted verb in e which preserves short e in most forms: kaleō, kalesō, ekalesa, kekaleka, kekalemai, ekalethēn "call (by name)".
• Contracted verb in es / as with s elided, but reappearing in some forms: teleō, telesō, etelesa, teteleka, tetelesmai, etelesthēn "finish".

Likewise declined synteleō - "end up", plauō - "mould",

• A regular contracted verb in a: νικάω (nikaō) [νικῶ (nikô)], νικήσω (nikēsō), ἐνίκησα (enikēsa), νενίκηκα (nenikēka), νενίκημαι (nenikēmai), ἐνικήθην (enikēthēn) "win". (Note how /a/ is lengthened to /ē/.)

Likewise are declined: apataō - "deceive", lypaō - "suffer", hamartaō - "mistake", "sin", boaō - "shout", zdaō - "live"; deponents: ktaomai - "purchase",

• A regular contracted verb in o: dēloō (delô), dēlōsō, edēlōsa, dedēlōka, dedēlōmai, edēlōthēn "show".

Likewise are declined plēroō, anaplēroō - "fill up",kykloō - "turn around", hypnoō - "sleep",

• A regular verb in izd: nomizdō, nomieō (nomiô), enomisa, nenomika, nenomismai, enomisthēn "consider, think, believe". (Note the normal contracted future in these types of verbs.)

Likewise are declined: potizdō - "irrigate",diakhorizdō - "separate",enotizdō - listen, aphorizdō - "divide", katoikizdō - "settle",

• A regular verb in azd: thaumazdō, thaumasō, ethaumasa, tethaumaka, tethaumasmai, ethaumasthēn "marvel at".

Likewise are declined: ēsykhazdō - "be still",

• Verb with stem in digamma
  Digamma
  Digamma is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet which originally stood for the sound /w/ and later remained in use only as a numeral symbol for the number "6"...
  
  , which disappeared in all forms, thus rendering an irregular verb in ou: akouō, akousō, ēkousa, akēkoa, -- "hear" (Perfect with "Attic" reduplication, hiatus between o and a as a vestige of digamma
  Digamma
  Digamma is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet which originally stood for the sound /w/ and later remained in use only as a numeral symbol for the number "6"...
  
  

Verbs in consonant stems, no ablaut

• Velar-stem: lēgō, lēksō, elēksa, lelēkha, lelēgmai, elēkhthēn "cease (+ gen.)". (Note regular use of the aspirated perfect.)

Likewise are declined: brekhō - "wet", deponents dekhomai - "get",

• Velar-stem: arkhō, arksō, ērksa, ērkha, ērgmai, ērkhthēn "rule". (Note regular use of augment for reduplication in perfect due to initial vowel.)
• Velar-stem: agō, aksomai, ēksa, ēgagon, agēokha, ēgmai, ēkhthēn "lead". (Middle future, second aorist with "Attic" reduplication, irregular second perfect).

Likewise are declined: synagomai - "gather", eksagō - "lead out";

• Velar-stem, with present /j/ suffix: tattō, taksō, etaksa, tetakha, tetagmai, etakhthēn "put, place" (Note regular aspirated first perfect).
• Labial-stem: graphō, grapsō, egrapsa, gegrapha, gegrammai, egraphēn "write". (Second aorist passive.)
• Labial-stem: strephō, strepsō, estrepsa, estrepha, estremmai, estrephthēn "turn".

Likewise are declined: apostrephō - "return",

• Labial-stem, with present /j/ suffix: blaptō, blapsō, eblapsa, beblapha, beblammai, eblaphthēn/eblabēn "harm". (Both first and second aorist passive with same meaning.)

Likewise are declined: haptō - "touch", rhaptō - "pluck", kryptō - "hide",

• Dental-stem: peithō, peisō, epeisa, pepeika, pepeismai, epeisthēn "persuade; (middle) obey (+dat.)". (This verb also has a poetic second perfect pepoitha meaning "trust")
• Dental-stem: ereidō, ereisō, ēreisa, --, erēreismai, ēreisthēn "(cause to) lean, prop; press hard". (Semi-deponent, with middle perfect; Attic reduplication.)
• Sonorant-stem, with present /j/ suffix: aggellō, aggeleō (aggelô), ēggeila, ēggelka, ēggelmai, ēggelthēn "announce". (Regular contracted future, as in all sonorant-stem verbs. Compensatory lengthening
  Compensatory lengthening
  Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda...
  
   in the aorist, caused by the lost /s/, with a -> ē, e -> ei, i -> ī, o -> ou, u -> ū.)

Likewise are declined: anaggellō - "indicate",

• Verb in ainō: sēmainō, sēmaneō (sēmanô), esēmēna, --, sesēmasmai, esēmanthēn "show, point out; signify, indicate". (Semi-deponent, with middle perfect.)

Likewise are declined: khainō - "open",

• Verb in ainō: phainō, phaneō (phanô), ephēna, pephagka, pephasmai, ephanēn "show", (second passive aorist).
• Verb in ainō: kraino, kraneō (kranô), ekrāna, --, kekrammai, ekranthēn "accomplish". (Semi-deponent, with middle perfect, but with slightly different middle perfect from previous verbs. Note that ā never changes to ē after r, i, e.)
• Verb in ūnō: aiskhūnō, aiskhuneō (aiskhunô), ēiskhūna, --, --, ēiskhunthēn "dishonor". (No perfect.)

Likewise are declined: plethūnō - "multiply",

• Present /an/ suffix: blastanō, blastēsomai, eblastēsa, beblastēka, beblastēmai, eblastēthēn "sprout". (Middle future. Root blast with suffix ē in some forms.)

Likewise are declined: auksanō - "grow",

• Present /an/ suffix with some peculiarities: aisthanomai, aisthēsomai, ēisthomēn, --, ēisthēmai, -- "perceive". (Deponent. Second aorist. Root aisth with suffix ē in some forms.)
• Present /isk/ suffix: euriskō, eurēsomai, ēuron, ēurēka, ēurēmai, ēurēthēn "find" (Second aorist, suffix e in some forms).
• Present /isk/ suffix: haliskomai, halōsomai, heālōn, heālōka, --, -- "be captured". (Semi-deponent, middle with active aorist and perfect. Root aorist. Irregular augment, both syllabic and quantitative – transfer of /h/ to beginning is normal. Suffix ō in some forms.)
• Reduplicated present, with /sk/ suffix: gignōskō, gnōsomai, egnōn, egnōka, egnōsmai, egnōsthēn "know". (Semi-deponent with middle future. Root aorist. Irregular reduplication with augment. Suffix /s/ in parts V and VI.)

Verbs with ablaut

• Labial-stem: leipō, leipsō, elipon, leloipa, leleimmai, eleiphthēn "leave". (Second aorist. Ablaut leip/lip/loip.)

Likewise are declined: kataleipō,

• Labial-stem: trephō, threpsō, ethrepsa, tetropha, tethrammai, etraphēn, etrephthēn "rear, bring up, nourish". (Second aorist passive. t/th alternation due to dissimilation of aspirates (Grassmann's law)
  Grassmann's Law
  Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration...
  
  . Ablaut t(h)reph/t(h)roph/t(h)raph.)
• Labial stem: tiktō, teksō, eteka, tetoka, -- - "bring forth" (Irregularly reduplicated present, irregularly asigmatic first aorist. Ablaut tek/tok/tk (while /tk/ affected by metathesis)).
• Velar-stem: ekhō, heksō/skhēsō, eskhon, eskhēka, -eskhēmai, -- "have, hold". (Second aorist. Perfect middle occurs only in compounds. h/nothing alternation at beginning of stem due to dissimilation of aspirates (Grassmann's law)
  Grassmann's Law
  Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration...
  
  . Ablaut (h)ekh (from PIE
  Proto-Indo-European language
  The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...
  
   *segh)/skh. Suffix ē in some forms.)

Likewise are declined: prosekhō - "regard".

• Dental-stem: petomai / poteomai, ptēsomai, eptomēn - "fly". (Deponent, middle future, ē suffix in some forms. Ablaut pet/pt - same as in "pīptō" - "fall" see below)
• Sonorant-stem, with present /j/ suffix :speirō, spereō (sperô), espeira, esparka, esparmai, esparēn "sow". (Second aorist passive. Ablaut sper/spar (originally spr, with vocalic r) in perfect, perfect middle and aorist passive.)

Likewise are declined: stellō - "send", eksapostellō - "send out",

• Sonorant-stem, with present /j/ suffix: kteinō, ktenô, ekteina, ektanon, ektona - "kill" (Second aorist. Ablaut kten/kton).

Likewise are declined: apokteinō - "kill",

• Sonorant stem, with present /j/ suffix: teinō, tenô, eteina, tetaka, tetamai, etathēn "pull" (Elision of /n/ in some forms. Ablaut ten/tan).

Likewise are declined: ekteinō - "extend",

• Sonorant-stem, with present /j/ suffix: tellō, teleō (telô), eteila, tetelka, tetalmai, etelthēn "spring" (Ablaut tel/tal in middle passive).

Likewise are declined: anatellō - "spring up", eksanatellō, entellō - "instruct",

• Sonorant-stem, with present /j/ suffix: ballō, baleō (balô), ebalon, beblēka, beblēmai, eblēthēn "throw, hit". (Second aorist. Ablaut bal/blē.)

Likewise are declined: ekballō - "cast out",

• Present /n/ suffix: daknō, dēksomai, edakon, --, dedēgmai, edēkhthēn "bite". (Semi-deponent with middle future and perfect. Second aorist. Ablaut dak/dēk.)
• Present /nj/ suffix: bainō, bēsomai, ebēn, bebēka, --, -- "go". (Root aorist. Ablaut ba/bē.)
• Prefixed verb, present /nj/ suffix: apobainō, apobēsomai, apebēn, apobebēka, --, -- "go away, result". (Prefix precedes augment and reduplication. Final vowel of prefix elided before initial vowel.). Likewise anabainō - "go out",
• Present /an/ suffix, nasal infix
  Nasal infix
  The nasal infix is a reconstructed nasal consonant or syllable that was inserted into the stem of a word in the Proto-Indo-European language, that has reflexes in several modern European languages...
  
  : lambanō, lēpsomai, elabon, eilēpha, eilēmmai, elēphthēn "take". (Semi-deponent with middle future. Second aorist. Ablaut lab/lēb. Irregular reduplication.)

Likewise are declined: syllambanō - "conceive",

• Present /an/ suffix, nasal infix: punthanomai, peusomai, eputhomēn, --, pepusmai, -- "ascertain". (Deponent. Second aorist. Ablaut puth/peuth.)
• Reduplicated present: gignomai, genēsomai, egenomēn, gegona, gegenēmai, -- "become". (Semi-deponent, middle with active perfect. Second aorist and perfect. Ablaut gen/gon/gn. Suffix ē in some forms.)
• Reduplicated present: pīptō, pesoumai, epeson, peptōka, --, -- "fall". (Semi-deponent with middle future. Second aorist. Ablaut pet/pt/ptō. Irregular long vowel in present reduplication. Irregular occurrence of contracted future. Irregular suffix s in future and aorist.)

Likewise are declined: sympiptō - "fall down",

• Present /sk/ suffix: paskhō, peisomai, epathon, pepontha, --, -- "suffer". (Semi-deponent with middle future. Second aorist and perfect. Ablaut penth/ponth/path (originally pnth, with vocalic n).) Irregular assimilation of aspiration into present /sk/ suffix.)
• Present /isk/ suffix: apothnēiskō, apothanoumai, apethanon, tethnēka, --, -- "die". (Semi-deponent with middle future. Second aorist. Ablaut than (originally then, with vocalic n)/thnē. No prefix in perfect; perfect means "be dead". Irregular occurrence of contracted future.)

Athematic verbs

These verbs have reduplication in the present, ablaut between short and long forms, a separate set of endings, and certain other irregularities that vary from verb to verb.

• didōmi (δίδωμι), dōsō, edōka, dedōka, dedomai, edothēn "give".
• hīēmi (ἵημι), -hēsō, -hēka, -heika, -heimai, -heithēn "let go, send forth".
• histēmi (ἵστημι), stēsō, estēsa (trans.) or estēn (intr.), hestēka (intr.), hestamai, estathēn "make stand; (middle or intr.) stand".
• Prefixed verb: aphistēmi (ἀφίστημι), apostēsō, apestēsa (trans.) or apestēn (intr.), aphestēka (intr.), aphístamai, apestathēn "cause to revolt; (middle or intr.) revolt". Some (epístamai instead of ephístamai, "to know well") retain dialectical features that reflect their topical origins.

Likewise are declined: anistēmi - surge,

• tithēmi, thēsō, ethēka, (ethemen), tethēka - "put, place", (present and second aorist athematic, second aorist first singular wanting).

Likewise are declined: prostithēmi - "conntinue", apotithēmi - "carry on",

• Present with suffix /nū/: deiknūmi, deiksō, edeiksa, -- "show" (Present athematic, the other forms decline like thematic).
• Present with suffix /nū/ with some peculiarities: anoignūmi, anoiksō, ēneōiksa, aneōgōn, --, aneōikhthēn "open" (Second aorist, double augment, suffix /ō/ in some forms).

Likewise are declined: dianoignūmi - "open up",

Suppletive verbs

These verbs all have complex irregularities, ablaut, second aorist and/or perfect, unexpected reduplication and/or augment, etc. They usually represent compilations of semantically identical or similar stems, various formations of which have become obsolete, the extant formations coming together like a puzzle to fill in a morphologically quirky but functionally complete system. These verbs are few and, if they are to be learnt, the most practical approach is to simply memorise them:

• erkhomai, eîmi/eleusomai, ēlthon, elēlutha, --, -- "go, come".

Likewise are declined: dierkhomai - "get out",

• legō, eraō (erô)/leksō, eipon/eleksa, eirēka, eirēmai/lelegmai, elekhthēn/errhēthēn "say, speak".
• horaō, opsomai, eidon, heorāka/heōrāka, heōrāmai/ōmmai, ōphthēn "see".

Likewise are declined: eporaō - "regard",

• aireō, airēsō, ēra, eilon, -- "rise".

Likewise are declined: diaireō - divide,

• pherō, oisō, ēnegka/ēnegkon, enēnokha, enēnegmai, ēnekhthēn "carry".

Likewise are declined epipherō - "cause to float",prospherō - bring before,

• esthiō, edomai, ephagon, edēdoka, edēdesmai, ēdesthēn "eat".
• pōleō, apodōsomai, apedomēn, peprāka, peprāmai, eprāthēn "sell".