Anglo-Ottoman Treaty
Encyclopedia
Having a favourable balance of trade
up until the mid nineteenth century; ‘In the years 1820-22, the Ottoman Empire exported goods worth £650,000 to the United Kingdom. By 1836-38, that figure had reached £1,729,000.’
Given that the majority of the share of trade was made by Ottoman merchants, the Europeans, especially the British and the French, became irritated and unhappy with this trade arrangement and pushed for intervention and transformation of the economic policies of the Middle East. Indeed, the French foreign ambassador posted a letter to Louis-Mathieu, Comte de Mole in 1837 stating:
European dissatisfaction with the status quo
played a large role in this period of Middle East
history. European dissatisfaction ultimately resulted in the Anglo-Ottoman treaty, sometimes also referred to as the Treaty of Balta Liman
.
More specifically, under the Egyptian rule of Muhammad Ali, the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty was passed in 1838 between the British and the Ottomans, leading to the collapse of Ali's rule. This treaty outlawed monopolies and trade controls; in addition, it gave the British the right to buy from the people directly. Thus, because it was enforced in Egypt, the treaty spelled the demise of Ali's hopes of an industrialized Egypt.
While the people of Western Europe was experiencing an industrial revolution
the Ottoman Empire were deprived of its main economic base, namely The Black Sea, through the peace treaties of Kücük Kaynarca and Jossi in 1774 and 1792, which had opened the sea to Russian trade. As Kemal Karpat argued :
In the late nineteenth century, the European involvement in Middle East economics and politics expanded rapidly. The peace treaties of Kücük Kaynarca and Jossi in 1774 and 1792, and the political pressure the Ottoman Empire had to endure from the west, had a great impact on the economic and political environment of the Ottoman Empire later lead to the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty.
Balance of trade
The balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports...
up until the mid nineteenth century; ‘In the years 1820-22, the Ottoman Empire exported goods worth £650,000 to the United Kingdom. By 1836-38, that figure had reached £1,729,000.’
Given that the majority of the share of trade was made by Ottoman merchants, the Europeans, especially the British and the French, became irritated and unhappy with this trade arrangement and pushed for intervention and transformation of the economic policies of the Middle East. Indeed, the French foreign ambassador posted a letter to Louis-Mathieu, Comte de Mole in 1837 stating:
European dissatisfaction with the status quo
Status quo
Statu quo, a commonly used form of the original Latin "statu quo" – literally "the state in which" – is a Latin term meaning the current or existing state of affairs. To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are...
played a large role in this period of Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
history. European dissatisfaction ultimately resulted in the Anglo-Ottoman treaty, sometimes also referred to as the Treaty of Balta Liman
Treaty of Balta Liman
The Treaties of Balta Liman were both signed in Balta-Liman with the Ottoman Empire as one of its signatories.-1838:The Treaty of Balta Liman was a commercial treaty signed in 1838 between the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, regulating international trade...
.
More specifically, under the Egyptian rule of Muhammad Ali, the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty was passed in 1838 between the British and the Ottomans, leading to the collapse of Ali's rule. This treaty outlawed monopolies and trade controls; in addition, it gave the British the right to buy from the people directly. Thus, because it was enforced in Egypt, the treaty spelled the demise of Ali's hopes of an industrialized Egypt.
While the people of Western Europe was experiencing an industrial revolution
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times...
the Ottoman Empire were deprived of its main economic base, namely The Black Sea, through the peace treaties of Kücük Kaynarca and Jossi in 1774 and 1792, which had opened the sea to Russian trade. As Kemal Karpat argued :
In the late nineteenth century, the European involvement in Middle East economics and politics expanded rapidly. The peace treaties of Kücük Kaynarca and Jossi in 1774 and 1792, and the political pressure the Ottoman Empire had to endure from the west, had a great impact on the economic and political environment of the Ottoman Empire later lead to the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty.
See also
- EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
- History of the Middle EastHistory of the Middle EastThis article is a general overview of the history of the Middle East. For more detailed information, see articles on the histories of individual countries and regions...
- Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
- Treaty of Balta LimanTreaty of Balta LimanThe Treaties of Balta Liman were both signed in Balta-Liman with the Ottoman Empire as one of its signatories.-1838:The Treaty of Balta Liman was a commercial treaty signed in 1838 between the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, regulating international trade...