Anita Ušacka
Encyclopedia
Anita Ušacka is a Latvia
n judge and legal academic. She has been a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
and the International Criminal Court
(ICC). She is currently President of the Appeals Division of the International Criminal Court.
, Latvia, the only daughter of Arturs Ušackis and Anna Krontāle. She had two elder brothers, Ivars (b. 1944) and Juris (b. 1948). Ušacka has a son, Aleksejs Ušackis, born December 13, 1980.
Ušacka spent her childhood in Riga, Latvia, where she attended primary and secondary schools. She began university studies in 1970, at the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia
, specializing in Legal Sciences. She completed the degree in 1975. Ušacka later attended the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University
, where she was a received a PhD in law (Candidate in Legal Sciences) in 1980. Ušacka’s PhD thesis, which she defended in January that year, concerned legal aspects of the administration of industry in Latvia.
In 1991, Ušacka studied human rights at the International Institute of Human Rights
in Strasbourg, France. In 1993-1994, she spent a year at the University of Notre Dame
studying and conducting research on comparative law and human rights. Following receipt of a fellowship to study comparative criminal law, she spent six months as a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law
in Freiburg, Germany in 1994.
In 2006, Ušacka was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Lewis and Clark Law School in the United States, where she was the keynote speaker at Lewis & Clark’s 2006 commencement. In her commencement address, she emphasized the importance of establishing a global system on the rule of law and for the protection of human rights.
, Ušacka worked as a legal academic. She began her academic career as an assistant at the University of Latvia Department for Introduction to General Law, but was successively promoted to Main Lecturer (1980), Reader (1982), Head of Department (1989), Doctor of Sciences (Dr. iur) (1992) and academic title of Docent (1993). She became an Associate Professor of the Riga Graduate School of Law in 1999 and a full Professor at the University of Latvia in 2002. During her tenure at the University of Latvia, she created the General Law department’s first course on human rights. Later, Ušacka’s academic career also included visiting professorships in 1999 at the Robert Schuman University
(Strasbourg) lecturing on Constitutional Development in Latvia and Human Rights, and in 2002-2003 at the Lewis and Clark Law School where she taught Comparative Constitutional Law.
In 1993, two years after the Republic of Latvia restored its independence from the USSR, the UNICEF Latvian National Committee (LNC) was established. Between 1994 and 1996, Ušacka was the Executive Director of the Latvian branch of UNICEF, where she focused on children’s rights issues in both a national and international context and assessed Latvia’s compliance with the treaty on the Rights of the Child.
By June of 1994, the Latvian parliament, the Saeima, had passed amendments to the law “On Judicial Power” which established Latvia’s first Constitutional Court. In 1996, upon the proposal of the Saeima deputies, Ušacka was elected to serve for a ten-year term as one of the first of six judges on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
.
Between 1998 and 2001, Ušacka was also the director of a cooperation program between the Northwestern School of Law of Lewis & Clark College (USA) and the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. Together with a counterpart from Lewis & Clark, Ušacka authored the original grant proposal, which allowed the program to be funded by a three-year, $120,000 grant from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency.
In 2002, Ušacka was nominated by the Republic of Latvia as a judicial candidate in elections for the newly established International Criminal Court
, located in The Hague, The Netherlands. Ušacka was one of eighteen judges, from a total of 43 candidates, elected in February 2003 by the Assembly of States Parties to the first bench of the ICC. She was one of seven women and the only judge elected from the Eastern Europe group. She was sworn in at the inaugural session of the court on March 11, 2003.
After this first election of judges to the ICC, the President of the Assembly of States Parties drew lots to assign the eighteen judges to terms of three, six or nine years. Only the judges who received terms of three years were eligible for re-election. Ušacka, having received a three-year term, was therefore eligible for re-election, and was subsequently re-elected in 2006. Her non-renewable nine-year term expires in 2015.
Upon their inauguration to the ICC in 2003, the ICC judges were assigned to judicial divisions. During her first term, Ušacka was assigned to the Trial Division. However, from 2007-2009, she was temporarily attached to Pre-Trial Chamber I, which presided over the second ever confirmation of charges hearing at the ICC in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. During the period of her temporary attachment to Pre-Trial Chamber I, this Chamber was also the first of the ICC to issue a warrant of arrest for a sitting head of state, in the case of the Prosecutor v. Omar Al Bashir. In March 2009, Ušacka was re-assigned by the plenary of judges to the Appeals Division. Since April 2011, she has been the Appeals Division’s President.
Since 1997, Ušacka has been an active member of the International Association of Women Judges, which also supported her candidature for the International Criminal Court. She has several times served as a panelist at IAWJ conferences, including, for example, in 1998, when she delivered a speech at the Conference of the International Women Judges Organisation in Ottawa, Canada entitled “The Child as a Witness, its Legal Status in Latvian Legislature”. In May 2006, she chaired a panel at the Association’s 8th Biennial Conference in Sydney, Australia which was organized on the topic of “An Independent Judiciary: Culture, Religion, Gender, Politics”. Since 2004, Ušacka has been a member of the European Group of Public Law. In the past, she has been a frequent attendee at conferences organized by the Center of Public Law, in Athens, Greece.
Latvia
Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
n judge and legal academic. She has been a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia is an independent court, which was established in 1996 on basis of amendments in law "On Judicial Power" and in the Constitution of Latvia made in 1994. It acts in accordance with the Constitutional Court Law and the Constitution....
and the International Criminal Court
International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression .It came into being on 1 July 2002—the date its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the...
(ICC). She is currently President of the Appeals Division of the International Criminal Court.
Early Life and Education
Ušacka was born on April 26, 1952 in RigaRiga
Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 702,891 inhabitants Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial,...
, Latvia, the only daughter of Arturs Ušackis and Anna Krontāle. She had two elder brothers, Ivars (b. 1944) and Juris (b. 1948). Ušacka has a son, Aleksejs Ušackis, born December 13, 1980.
Ušacka spent her childhood in Riga, Latvia, where she attended primary and secondary schools. She began university studies in 1970, at the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia
University of Latvia
University of Latvia is a university located in Riga, Latvia. Being established in 1919, University of Latvia is the biggest university in the Baltic states.-History:...
, specializing in Legal Sciences. She completed the degree in 1975. Ušacka later attended the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University
Moscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University , previously known as Lomonosov University or MSU , is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be one of the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy...
, where she was a received a PhD in law (Candidate in Legal Sciences) in 1980. Ušacka’s PhD thesis, which she defended in January that year, concerned legal aspects of the administration of industry in Latvia.
In 1991, Ušacka studied human rights at the International Institute of Human Rights
International Institute of Human Rights
The International Institute of Human Rights is an association under French local law based in Strasbourg, France...
in Strasbourg, France. In 1993-1994, she spent a year at the University of Notre Dame
University of Notre Dame
The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located in Notre Dame, an unincorporated community north of the city of South Bend, in St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States...
studying and conducting research on comparative law and human rights. Following receipt of a fellowship to study comparative criminal law, she spent six months as a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law
Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law
The Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law is a non-university research institute located in Freiburg, Germany. The institute is part of the Max Planck Society and is conducting basic research into criminal law and criminology....
in Freiburg, Germany in 1994.
In 2006, Ušacka was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Lewis and Clark Law School in the United States, where she was the keynote speaker at Lewis & Clark’s 2006 commencement. In her commencement address, she emphasized the importance of establishing a global system on the rule of law and for the protection of human rights.
Career
Starting in 1975, after graduating from the University of LatviaUniversity of Latvia
University of Latvia is a university located in Riga, Latvia. Being established in 1919, University of Latvia is the biggest university in the Baltic states.-History:...
, Ušacka worked as a legal academic. She began her academic career as an assistant at the University of Latvia Department for Introduction to General Law, but was successively promoted to Main Lecturer (1980), Reader (1982), Head of Department (1989), Doctor of Sciences (Dr. iur) (1992) and academic title of Docent (1993). She became an Associate Professor of the Riga Graduate School of Law in 1999 and a full Professor at the University of Latvia in 2002. During her tenure at the University of Latvia, she created the General Law department’s first course on human rights. Later, Ušacka’s academic career also included visiting professorships in 1999 at the Robert Schuman University
Robert Schuman University
The Université Robert Schuman, also known as Strasbourg III or URS, was a university in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. In 2007, there were nearly 10,000 students enrolled at the university, including more than 1,500 foreign students. The university tended to teach and research in fields such as law,...
(Strasbourg) lecturing on Constitutional Development in Latvia and Human Rights, and in 2002-2003 at the Lewis and Clark Law School where she taught Comparative Constitutional Law.
In 1993, two years after the Republic of Latvia restored its independence from the USSR, the UNICEF Latvian National Committee (LNC) was established. Between 1994 and 1996, Ušacka was the Executive Director of the Latvian branch of UNICEF, where she focused on children’s rights issues in both a national and international context and assessed Latvia’s compliance with the treaty on the Rights of the Child.
By June of 1994, the Latvian parliament, the Saeima, had passed amendments to the law “On Judicial Power” which established Latvia’s first Constitutional Court. In 1996, upon the proposal of the Saeima deputies, Ušacka was elected to serve for a ten-year term as one of the first of six judges on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia is an independent court, which was established in 1996 on basis of amendments in law "On Judicial Power" and in the Constitution of Latvia made in 1994. It acts in accordance with the Constitutional Court Law and the Constitution....
.
Between 1998 and 2001, Ušacka was also the director of a cooperation program between the Northwestern School of Law of Lewis & Clark College (USA) and the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. Together with a counterpart from Lewis & Clark, Ušacka authored the original grant proposal, which allowed the program to be funded by a three-year, $120,000 grant from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency.
In 2002, Ušacka was nominated by the Republic of Latvia as a judicial candidate in elections for the newly established International Criminal Court
International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression .It came into being on 1 July 2002—the date its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the...
, located in The Hague, The Netherlands. Ušacka was one of eighteen judges, from a total of 43 candidates, elected in February 2003 by the Assembly of States Parties to the first bench of the ICC. She was one of seven women and the only judge elected from the Eastern Europe group. She was sworn in at the inaugural session of the court on March 11, 2003.
After this first election of judges to the ICC, the President of the Assembly of States Parties drew lots to assign the eighteen judges to terms of three, six or nine years. Only the judges who received terms of three years were eligible for re-election. Ušacka, having received a three-year term, was therefore eligible for re-election, and was subsequently re-elected in 2006. Her non-renewable nine-year term expires in 2015.
Upon their inauguration to the ICC in 2003, the ICC judges were assigned to judicial divisions. During her first term, Ušacka was assigned to the Trial Division. However, from 2007-2009, she was temporarily attached to Pre-Trial Chamber I, which presided over the second ever confirmation of charges hearing at the ICC in the case of the Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui. During the period of her temporary attachment to Pre-Trial Chamber I, this Chamber was also the first of the ICC to issue a warrant of arrest for a sitting head of state, in the case of the Prosecutor v. Omar Al Bashir. In March 2009, Ušacka was re-assigned by the plenary of judges to the Appeals Division. Since April 2011, she has been the Appeals Division’s President.
Activities
Ušacka has lectured and published extensively in various fields of law, including public law and administration, international and comparative law and human rights.Since 1997, Ušacka has been an active member of the International Association of Women Judges, which also supported her candidature for the International Criminal Court. She has several times served as a panelist at IAWJ conferences, including, for example, in 1998, when she delivered a speech at the Conference of the International Women Judges Organisation in Ottawa, Canada entitled “The Child as a Witness, its Legal Status in Latvian Legislature”. In May 2006, she chaired a panel at the Association’s 8th Biennial Conference in Sydney, Australia which was organized on the topic of “An Independent Judiciary: Culture, Religion, Gender, Politics”. Since 2004, Ušacka has been a member of the European Group of Public Law. In the past, she has been a frequent attendee at conferences organized by the Center of Public Law, in Athens, Greece.