Annam (Chinese Province)
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Annam or Jiaozhi
(交趾; pinyin: Jiāozhǐ; Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ) was the southernmost province of the Chinese Empire. It is now part of present-day Vietnam
. The region roughly corresponds to the area known as Tonkin
.
In the 2nd century BCE, what later became Annam was part of the kingdom of Nan Yue or Triệu Dynasty, an ancient kingdom formed upon the union of Baiyue people at the final collapse of the Qin Dynasty
by former Qin General Zhao Tuo
and was nominally subject to the Chinese
Han Empire
. In 111
BCE, the Han
imperial government, under Emperor Wu of Han
, invaded Nanyue and asserted direct control for the first time. By 108
BCE, the conquest was completed and the Chinese took over the lands. The first name given the land based around Hanoi
and the Red River
was Jiaozhi. In 679
, Tang Dynasty
established Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Chinese
: 安南都护府) as their military government in Jiaozhi. The Sino-Vietnamese name of this government is An Nam đô hộ phủ which can be called for short An Nam (Pacified South) or Annam as in Western documents.
It was to remain Annam for the next 600 years, seemingly living up to its name. A peaceful territory, part of a succession of Chinese kingdoms: Wu, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Chen, Sui Dynasty
, and the Tang Dynasty
. However there were still revolts from time to time and periods of weaker government control.
Finally in 939
, Ngo Quyen
successfully expelled the Chinese at the battle of Bach Dang river where he beheaded the Commanding Admiral and Prince of Southern Han
Dynasty, Liu Hung-ts'ao and re-established the independent state of Dai Viet. This was the effective end of Annam as a Chinese province. Several attempts were made by various Chinese governments to retake Vietnam, one succeeded (Ming Rule of Vietnam
) but only for 20 years (1407 - 1427).
In the 1860s, the French
government under Napoleon III conquered first southern and then central Vietnam. The central portion of the country they ruled as the protectorate of Annam
.
Jiaozhi
Jiaozhi was the name of all or part of Vietnam's territory, from the Hùng Vương era to the middle of the Third Chinese domination, and during the Fourth Chinese domination.-Giao Chỉ in the Văn Lang era:...
(交趾; pinyin: Jiāozhǐ; Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ) was the southernmost province of the Chinese Empire. It is now part of present-day Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
. The region roughly corresponds to the area known as Tonkin
Tonkin
Tonkin , also spelled Tongkin, Tonquin or Tongking, is the northernmost part of Vietnam, south of China's Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces, east of northern Laos, and west of the Gulf of Tonkin. Locally, it is known as Bắc Kỳ, meaning "Northern Region"...
.
In the 2nd century BCE, what later became Annam was part of the kingdom of Nan Yue or Triệu Dynasty, an ancient kingdom formed upon the union of Baiyue people at the final collapse of the Qin Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...
by former Qin General Zhao Tuo
Zhao Tuo
Zhao Tuo , was the founder of the kingdom of Nanyue |Zhao]]. The state of Zhao was defeated and absorbed by the state of Qin in 222 BC, whereupon Zhao Tuo became a citizen of the state of Qin. He later served in a Qin expeditionary force that was sent south...
and was nominally subject to the Chinese
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
Han Empire
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
. In 111
111
Year 111 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Bolanus...
BCE, the Han
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
imperial government, under Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han , , personal name Liu Che , was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized...
, invaded Nanyue and asserted direct control for the first time. By 108
108
Year 108 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Trebonius and Bradua...
BCE, the conquest was completed and the Chinese took over the lands. The first name given the land based around Hanoi
Hanoi
Hanoi , is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts, 6.5 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam...
and the Red River
Red River (Vietnam)
The Red River , also known as the Sông Cái - Mother River , or Yuan River , is a river that flows from southwest China through northern Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin...
was Jiaozhi. In 679
679
Year 679 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 679 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Deaths :* Æthelthryth, wife of King Ecgfrith of...
, Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
established Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Chinese
Traditional Chinese character
Traditional Chinese characters refers to Chinese characters in any character set which does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. It most commonly refers to characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong, or in the Kangxi...
: 安南都护府) as their military government in Jiaozhi. The Sino-Vietnamese name of this government is An Nam đô hộ phủ which can be called for short An Nam (Pacified South) or Annam as in Western documents.
It was to remain Annam for the next 600 years, seemingly living up to its name. A peaceful territory, part of a succession of Chinese kingdoms: Wu, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Chen, Sui Dynasty
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was a powerful, but short-lived Imperial Chinese dynasty. Preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes. It was followed by the Tang Dynasty....
, and the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
. However there were still revolts from time to time and periods of weaker government control.
Finally in 939
939
Year 939 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Edmund I of England succeeds to the throne of England.* The Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of Leon....
, Ngo Quyen
Ngo Quyen
Ngô Quyền was a Vietnamese prefect and general during the Southern Han Dynasty occupation of Giao Châu in the Red River Valley in what is now northern Vietnam...
successfully expelled the Chinese at the battle of Bach Dang river where he beheaded the Commanding Admiral and Prince of Southern Han
Southern Han
Southern Han was a kingdom that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period along China’s southern coast from 917 to 971. The Kingdom greatly expanded her capital city Hing Wong Fu , namely present-day Guangzhou...
Dynasty, Liu Hung-ts'ao and re-established the independent state of Dai Viet. This was the effective end of Annam as a Chinese province. Several attempts were made by various Chinese governments to retake Vietnam, one succeeded (Ming Rule of Vietnam
Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)
The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which the country was ruled by Ming Dynasty administrators.-Sinicizing the country:...
) but only for 20 years (1407 - 1427).
In the 1860s, the French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
government under Napoleon III conquered first southern and then central Vietnam. The central portion of the country they ruled as the protectorate of Annam
Annam (French Colony)
Annam was a French protectorate encompassing the central region of Vietnam. Vietnamese were subsequently referred to as "Annamites." Nationalist writers adopted the word "Vietnam" in the late 1920s. The general public embraced the word "Vietnam" during the revolution of August 1945...
.