Annazid
Encyclopedia
The Annazid or Banu Annaz or Al-Anazis (990-1116), were a Kurdish
dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran
-Iraq
frontier that included Kermanshah
, Ilam
, Hulwan
, Dinawar (all in western Iran
), Sharazour, Daquq
, Daskara, Bandanijin(Mandali
), and No'maniya (in south-eastern Iraq
). According to the Kurdish history Sherefname, the title of the dynasty was Ayyar not Annaz http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0544.html, therefore the alternative name Ayyarid is also used http://kurdistanica.com/english/history/origin-e.html#Ayyarid.
. Political conflicts during his twenty-year rule led to clashes in the west with the Arab
clans Banu Oqayl (from whom he temporarily seized Daquq
in 998) and the Banu Mazyad, as well as a campaign against Zahman bin Hendi, lord of Khanaqin
, whose family he destroyed in 999. In the east, there was fierce competition between him and the Hasanwayhid Kurds (his relatives through marriage). In 1006, Badr bin Hasanuya aided by Abul-Hassan Ali bin Mazyad, sent an army of 10,000 men against Abul-Fath, who was compelled to seek refuge with the Buyid vizier
, Amid-al-Joyus Abu Ali Hassan bin Abi Jafar in Baghdad
. In a treaty concluded that year between the two Kurdish
dynasties, Abul-Fath declared himself a Hasanwayhid vassal
.
Hosam-al-Dawla Abul-Shawk (r. 1011-1046) was son of Abul-Fath Annaz. His thirty-six-year rule was filled with internecine strife as well as external conflict. As a result, the extent of his authority grew a great deal, sometimes reaching as far as Hilla and at other times contracting to a narrow region in present-day western Iran
. He inaugurated his reign by checking an attack by the forces of the new Buyid vizier, Fakhr-al-molk, but he was compelled to retreat to Hulwan
until a reconciliation was achieved. In 1029, he managed to defeat Shams-al-Dawla and stop the Seljuk Turks, after they seized Hamadan
and attacked Dinawar and Asadabad. In 1029, Abul-Shawk defeated the Oqayl and took Daquq. In the period 1038-1039, he seized Kermanshah
(Qarmisin) and captured its ruler (a Quhid Kurd
). In 1040, his son Abul-Fath Abul-Shawk tried to capture territories belonging to Mohalhel but was defeated and captured. Mohalhel secured assistance from Ala-al-Dawla bin Kakuya, th eruler of Hamadan
, and then he seized Dinawar, Kermanshah
and other regions.
Relations between Abul-Shawk and Mohalhel improved following the intervention of Jalal-al-Dawla, but Mohalhel's refusal to release Abul-Fath bin Shawk led to renewed hostilities in 1040 and 1042, but he failed to release his son, who died in captivity. During the seconf campaign in 1042, Mohalhel caused great damage in Sanda (Sanandaj
).
In 1045, Toghrul Beg sought to capture Annazid territories. During the campaign, the Kurdish
governor of Hamadan
fled, and Abul-Shawk retreated from Dinawar to Kermanshah and then to the citadel of Sirwan.
on the Diyala
river, where a large number of Kurds rallied around him. Annazids where unable to stop the march of the Turks
, which captured Hulwan
and Mahidasht and attacked Khanaqin
. Abul-Shawk died in the citadel of Sirwan in April 1046. His followers rallied around Mohalhel.
in 1046 in the name of Hasanwayhid Badr bin Taher bin Helal. After four years of attempted reconciliation between the Annazids and the Seljuk, Mohalhel met Toghrul Beg in 1050, who confirmed his rule over Sirwan, Daquq, Sharazur and Samagan and released his brother Sokrab.
and Sharafnama, the Annazid era lasted 130 years.
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
dynasty that ruled a territory on the present-day Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
-Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
frontier that included Kermanshah
Kermanshah
Kermanshah is a city in and the capital of Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 784,602, in 198,117 families.The overwhelming majority of Kermanshahi people are Shi'a Muslims...
, Ilam
Ilam, Iran
Ilam is a city in and the capital of Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 155,289, in 34,549 families.The Kabir Kuh mountain range lies east of the city. From the west it borders Iraq. The city is populated by Kurds and speak Kurdish.-Climate:Ilam is situated in the cold...
, Hulwan
Hulwan, Iran
Hulwan is the name of an ancient city in the Zagros mountain range in present-day western Iran close to Kermanshah and the Diyala River. It was conquered by the Muslim Arab Armies in 638, and by Hulagu in 1257....
, Dinawar (all in western Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
), Sharazour, Daquq
Daquq
Daquq or Daquqa, Dakuk, Daqooq, Tavuk or Tawuq is a historic town in Iraq south of Kirkuk. It is the capital of Daquq District, one of the four Districts of Kirkuk Governorate...
, Daskara, Bandanijin(Mandali
Mandali
Mandali from the Sanskrit mandala meaning circle, connection, community, is a term that Meher Baba used for his closest disciples.-Inner circle:...
), and No'maniya (in south-eastern Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
). According to the Kurdish history Sherefname, the title of the dynasty was Ayyar not Annaz http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0544.html, therefore the alternative name Ayyarid is also used http://kurdistanica.com/english/history/origin-e.html#Ayyarid.
Annazid Rulers
Abul-Fath Mohammad bin Annaz (r. 990-1011) was the founder of the Annazid dynasty and ruled in HulwanHulwan, Iran
Hulwan is the name of an ancient city in the Zagros mountain range in present-day western Iran close to Kermanshah and the Diyala River. It was conquered by the Muslim Arab Armies in 638, and by Hulagu in 1257....
. Political conflicts during his twenty-year rule led to clashes in the west with the Arab
Arab
Arab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
clans Banu Oqayl (from whom he temporarily seized Daquq
Daquq
Daquq or Daquqa, Dakuk, Daqooq, Tavuk or Tawuq is a historic town in Iraq south of Kirkuk. It is the capital of Daquq District, one of the four Districts of Kirkuk Governorate...
in 998) and the Banu Mazyad, as well as a campaign against Zahman bin Hendi, lord of Khanaqin
Khanaqin
Khanaqin is a city in Iraq. It is located at 34.3°N, 45.4°E in the Diyala Governorate, near the Iranian border on a tributary of the Diyala River...
, whose family he destroyed in 999. In the east, there was fierce competition between him and the Hasanwayhid Kurds (his relatives through marriage). In 1006, Badr bin Hasanuya aided by Abul-Hassan Ali bin Mazyad, sent an army of 10,000 men against Abul-Fath, who was compelled to seek refuge with the Buyid vizier
Vizier
A vizier or in Arabic script ; ; sometimes spelled vazir, vizir, vasir, wazir, vesir, or vezir) is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in a Muslim government....
, Amid-al-Joyus Abu Ali Hassan bin Abi Jafar in Baghdad
Baghdad
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...
. In a treaty concluded that year between the two Kurdish
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
dynasties, Abul-Fath declared himself a Hasanwayhid vassal
Vassal
A vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held...
.
Hosam-al-Dawla Abul-Shawk (r. 1011-1046) was son of Abul-Fath Annaz. His thirty-six-year rule was filled with internecine strife as well as external conflict. As a result, the extent of his authority grew a great deal, sometimes reaching as far as Hilla and at other times contracting to a narrow region in present-day western Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
. He inaugurated his reign by checking an attack by the forces of the new Buyid vizier, Fakhr-al-molk, but he was compelled to retreat to Hulwan
Hulwan, Iran
Hulwan is the name of an ancient city in the Zagros mountain range in present-day western Iran close to Kermanshah and the Diyala River. It was conquered by the Muslim Arab Armies in 638, and by Hulagu in 1257....
until a reconciliation was achieved. In 1029, he managed to defeat Shams-al-Dawla and stop the Seljuk Turks, after they seized Hamadan
Hamadan
-Culture:Hamadan is home to many poets and cultural celebrities. The city is also said to be among the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.Handicrafts: Hamadan has always been well known for handicrafts like leather, ceramic, and beautiful carpets....
and attacked Dinawar and Asadabad. In 1029, Abul-Shawk defeated the Oqayl and took Daquq. In the period 1038-1039, he seized Kermanshah
Kermanshah
Kermanshah is a city in and the capital of Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 784,602, in 198,117 families.The overwhelming majority of Kermanshahi people are Shi'a Muslims...
(Qarmisin) and captured its ruler (a Quhid Kurd
Kürd
Kürd or Kyurd or Kyurt may refer to:*Kürd Eldarbəyli, Azerbaijan*Kürd Mahrızlı, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Goychay, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Jalilabad, Azerbaijan*Kürd, Qabala, Azerbaijan*Qurdbayram, Azerbaijan...
). In 1040, his son Abul-Fath Abul-Shawk tried to capture territories belonging to Mohalhel but was defeated and captured. Mohalhel secured assistance from Ala-al-Dawla bin Kakuya, th eruler of Hamadan
Hamadan
-Culture:Hamadan is home to many poets and cultural celebrities. The city is also said to be among the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.Handicrafts: Hamadan has always been well known for handicrafts like leather, ceramic, and beautiful carpets....
, and then he seized Dinawar, Kermanshah
Kermanshah
Kermanshah is a city in and the capital of Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 784,602, in 198,117 families.The overwhelming majority of Kermanshahi people are Shi'a Muslims...
and other regions.
Relations between Abul-Shawk and Mohalhel improved following the intervention of Jalal-al-Dawla, but Mohalhel's refusal to release Abul-Fath bin Shawk led to renewed hostilities in 1040 and 1042, but he failed to release his son, who died in captivity. During the seconf campaign in 1042, Mohalhel caused great damage in Sanda (Sanandaj
Sanandaj
Sanandaj , also Romanized as Senneh and Sinneh) is a city in and the capital of Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311,446, in 81,380 families....
).
In 1045, Toghrul Beg sought to capture Annazid territories. During the campaign, the Kurdish
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
governor of Hamadan
Hamadan
-Culture:Hamadan is home to many poets and cultural celebrities. The city is also said to be among the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.Handicrafts: Hamadan has always been well known for handicrafts like leather, ceramic, and beautiful carpets....
fled, and Abul-Shawk retreated from Dinawar to Kermanshah and then to the citadel of Sirwan.
on the Diyala
Diyala River
The Diyala River after Darban-e Khan Dam:Kurdish: Sirwan, سيروان, , Persian: سیروان دیاله, is a river and tributary of the Tigris that runs mainly through Eastern Iraq but also Western Iran. It covers a total distance of ....
river, where a large number of Kurds rallied around him. Annazids where unable to stop the march of the Turks
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
, which captured Hulwan
Hulwan, Iran
Hulwan is the name of an ancient city in the Zagros mountain range in present-day western Iran close to Kermanshah and the Diyala River. It was conquered by the Muslim Arab Armies in 638, and by Hulagu in 1257....
and Mahidasht and attacked Khanaqin
Khanaqin
Khanaqin is a city in Iraq. It is located at 34.3°N, 45.4°E in the Diyala Governorate, near the Iranian border on a tributary of the Diyala River...
. Abul-Shawk died in the citadel of Sirwan in April 1046. His followers rallied around Mohalhel.
Mohalhel
The strife between the Annazid chiefs continued during the Mohalhel reign, especially when Sa'di bin Abul-Shawk sided with Yenal(half-brother of Toghrul Beg) against his uncle. Yenal seized HulwanHulwan, Iran
Hulwan is the name of an ancient city in the Zagros mountain range in present-day western Iran close to Kermanshah and the Diyala River. It was conquered by the Muslim Arab Armies in 638, and by Hulagu in 1257....
in 1046 in the name of Hasanwayhid Badr bin Taher bin Helal. After four years of attempted reconciliation between the Annazids and the Seljuk, Mohalhel met Toghrul Beg in 1050, who confirmed his rule over Sirwan, Daquq, Sharazur and Samagan and released his brother Sokrab.
Decline of Annazids
A declining Annazid rule can be traced for several generations. The last mention occurs in the seconf half of 12th century, when Sokrab bin Annaz became one of the rulers of Lorestan. According to the Kurdish historian Ali ibn al-AthirAli ibn al-Athir
Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari was a Kurdish Muslim historian from the Ibn Athir family...
and Sharafnama, the Annazid era lasted 130 years.
List of Annazid Rulers
- Abul-Fath Mohammad bin Annaz.....................991-1011
- Husam al-Dawla Abu'l Shawk Faris ibn Muhammad... 1011-1046
- Muhalhil ibn Muhammad (in Shahrazur).............1011-1055
- Surkhab I ibn Muhammad (in Bandanijin)...........1011-1046
- Sa'idi ibn Faris (sporadic rule)..................1050-1055
- Surkhab II ibn Badr.......................... ? -1107
- Abu Mansur ibn Surkhab......................1107- ?
- Surkhab III ibn Annaz............................late 1100s