Anns v Merton
House of Lords
Decided 12 May 1977
Citations: [1978] AC 728; [1977] 2 All ER 492; [1977] 2 WLR 1024
Prior history: Judgment for defendant at first hearing on the basis that the plaintiffs were statute barred.
Subsequent history: none
Significance
Established the two-stage Anns test whether a duty of care existed which requires: a ‘sufficient relationship of proximity based upon foreseeability’ between plaintiff and defendant; and considerations of reasons that there should not be a duty of care.
Court membership
Lords Wilberforce, Diplock, Simon, Salmon and Russell
Case opinions
Majority by: Wilberforce Joined by: Warren, Diplock, Simon, Salmon and Russell

Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] A.C. 728 was decided in the House of Lords

House of Lords

The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....

. It established a broad test for determining the existence of a duty of care

Duty of care

In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others. It is the first element that must be established to proceed with an action in negligence. The claimant...

 in the tort of negligence called the Anns test or sometimes retronymically the two-stage test.

Facts and background

In 1962 the local council of Merton approved building plans for the erection of a block of maisonettes. The approved plans showed the base wall and concrete foundations of the block to be ‘three feet or deeper to the approval of local authority [being Merton]’. The notice of approval said that the bylaws of the council required that notice should be given to the council both at the commencement of the work and when the foundations were ready to be covered by the rest of the building work. The council had the power to inspect the foundations and require any corrections necessary to bring the work into conformity with the bylaws, but was not under an obligation to do so.

The block of maisonettes was finished in 1962. The builder (who was also the owner) granted 999 year leases for the maisonettes, the last conveyance taking place in 1965. In 1970 structural movements occurred resulting in failure of the building comprising cracks in the wall, sloping of the floors and other defects. In 1972 the plaintiffs who were lessees of the maisonettes issued writ

Writ

In common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court...

s against the builder and the council.

The plaintiffs claimed that the damage was a consequence of the block having been built on inadequate foundations, there being a depth of two feet six inches only as against the three feet or deeper shown on the plans and required under the bylaws. The plaintiffs claimed damages in negligence against the council for approving the foundations and/or in failing to inspect the foundations.

At the hearing at first instance the plaintiffs' case failed on the basis that it was statute barred as the cause of action arose on the first sale of a maisonette by the owner, more than six years before an action was commenced. The Court of Appeal allowed the appeals on the basis that the cause of action arose when the damage was discovered or ought to have been discovered.

The Court found in favour of the tenants.

Legal reasoning

The Appeal was raised on two points:

• Whether the local council were under any duty of care toward owners or occupiers of houses as regards inspection during the building process; and
• What period of limitation applied to claims by such owners or occupiers against the local council

The House of Lords

House of Lords

The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....

 unanimously decided that a duty of care did exist and that such a duty was not barred by a "limitation of actions" statute.

The leading judgment is delivered by Lord Wilberforce

Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce

Richard Orme Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce, PC was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in the House of Lords from 1964 to 1982....

 with whom all fellow Judges concurred. Lord Salmon delivered a speech within which he agreed in substance with Lord Wilberforce but contained a separate analysis of, in particular, the issue of duty of care.

Lord Wilberforce accepts what might be seen as the high point of the adoption of the statements of Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson, the "neighbour principle". He says: -

‘Through the trilogy of cases in this House, Donoghue v Stevenson, Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd and Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd, the position has now been reached that in order to establish that a duty of care arises in a particular situation, it is not necessary to bring the facts of that situation within those of previous situations in which a duty of care has been held to exist. Rather the question has to be approached in two stages. First one has to ask whether, as between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage there is a sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood such that, in the reasonable contemplation of the former, carelessness on his part may be likely to cause damage to the latter, in which case a prima facie

Prima facie

Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning on its first encounter, first blush, or at first sight. The literal translation would be "at first face", from the feminine form of primus and facies , both in the ablative case. It is used in modern legal English to signify that on first examination, a...

 duty of care arises. Secondly, if the first question is answered affirmatively, it is necessary to consider whether there are any considerations which ought to negative, or to reduce or limit the scope of the duty or the class of person to whom it is owed or the damages to which a breach of it may give rise’.

Hedley Byrne v Heller was held as an example of a case in which there was a reduction in the scope of the duty of care.

The 'Anns Test' established here by Lord Wilberforce is a two stage test.

• It requires first a ‘sufficient relationship of proximity based upon foreseeability’;
• and secondly considerations of reasons why there should not be a duty of care.

Applying that general statement and approach, Lord Wilberforce considered the particular position of the council as the administrator of the Public Health Act 1936 and its bylaw

Bylaw

By-law can refer to a law of local or limited application passed under the authority of a higher law specifying what things may be regulated by the by-law...

s as to building made by the council under that Act. Lord Wilberforce summarised the position as being one where the council was administering an act-enabling local council, through building bylaws to supervise and control the operations of builders, particularly the supervision of the foundations of buildings because the foundation is covered up as the building proceeds. This is specifically recognised by a particular bylaw which required that the foundation of every building should be taken down to such a depth or be so designed and constructed as to safeguard the building against damage by swelling or shrinkage of the subsoil. Lord Wilberforce noted that the builder was required to notify the local authority before covering up the foundations so that the local authority had the right to inspect and to insist on correction.

As Lord Wilberforce notes, the issue with respect to the council is that it is discharging powers and duties as a matter of public and not private law. However, Lord Wilberforce notes that there is no doubt that private law duties arise over and above or alongside the public law functions.

Lord Wilberforce notes that almost every exercise of statutory power must inherently adversely affect the interests of private citizens but in many cases the powers can be carried out properly and without causing harm to parties likely to be affected.

The court needs to give consideration to the balance between efficiency and thrift ‘the local council was under no duty to inspect but they are under a duty to give proper consideration whether they should inspect or not, further that if the council does inspect, it must carry out that inspection exercising reasonable care. Lord Wilberforce had to consider a decision of the House of Lords in East Suffolk River Catchment Board v. Kent where it was argued a Statutory Authority failed in reasonable time to repair the breach of a drainage bank and damage was sustained by the plaintiffs land as a result. Lord Wilberforce says that case was decided on the basis of a different statute, subject to a different range of considerations but that it might be said that there was no real consideration of a general duty of care and that the content of any duty of care against the background of considerable flooding and other activity being undertaken by the defendant argued for a lower standard of care. If not the absence of a duty of care.

Lord Wilberforce had no difficulty saying that on that basis the duty of care existed was affirmed and was owed to the owners and occupiers of the houses. The owners or occupiers are not an endless indeterminate class of potential plaintiffs.

The nature of the duty of care must be closely related to the consideration of the statutory powers granted to the council and the exercise of due care in those powers.

Lord Wilberforce dismissed the limitation of actions issues quite quickly and held that a claim was not statute barred.

Rejection of the precedent

Over the following years the Courts backed away from the Anns approach and instead decided on a more category-based reasoning. The test was finally put to rest with the case of Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1990] 2 All ER 908 (referenced elsewhere in wikipedia as [1991] 1 AC 398). It has been suggested by academics that this turn-around was in reaction to the conservative political climate in the United Kingdom

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

 at the time.

Nevertheless, the Anns approach has inspired the development of tort law in many parts of the world. It has since been adopted by Canada

Canada

Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 in the case City of Kamloops v. Nielsen and later modified by Cooper v. Hobart

Cooper v. Hobart

Cooper v. Hobart, [2001] 3 S.C.R. 537, 2001 SCC 79, is a Supreme Court of Canada case that redefined the Anns test adopted in Kamloops v. Nielsen to establish a duty of care in civil tort cases.- Background :...

. The modified Anns test is largely used for establishing new duties of care.

External links

• Full text of decision from BAILII.org