Arrow Dynamics
Encyclopedia
Arrow Dynamics was a roller coaster
and amusement ride design company based in Clearfield
, Utah
, United States
. In 2002, the company went bankrupt but was quickly bought by fellow amusement ride manufacturer S&S Power
to form S&S Arrow. During its peak, Arrow Dynamics was responsible for some of the biggest and most influential advancements in the roller coaster industry. From the first tubular steel tracked coaster, Matterhorn Bobsleds
at Disneyland, to the first mine train roller coaster Run-A-Way Mine Train at Six Flags Over Texas
, to the first modern inverting coaster, Corkscrew
at Knott's Berry Farm
, to the world's first hypercoaster
, Magnum XL 200 at Cedar Point
, to the world's first multi-dimensional roller coaster, X² at Six Flags Magic Mountain
, Arrow Dynamics had a monumental and lasting impact on the roller coaster industry.
Roller coaster company Vekoma
still uses Arrow-designed trains on some of their roller coasters.
. They started out small, building merry-go-rounds
and other rides for local amusement parks.
In 1953 they were contacted by Walt Disney
, who was just beginning to plan a new type of amusement park in California. Disney admired Arrow's work and hired the company to help design and build the ride systems for many of Disneyland's original and early rides, including Mad Tea Party
, King Arthur Carrousel
, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
, Casey Jr. Circus Train
, and Snow White's Scary Adventures
.
While Arrow designed and tested these rides, Walt Disney made frequent trips up to Mountain View to check on their progress. Then the rides were quickly shipped down to Anaheim to be ready for the park's opening. Disney continued to use Arrow as he expanded Disneyland. The company went on to build Dumbo the Flying Elephant
, Autopia
, and Alice in Wonderland
in coming years.
In 1959, Arrow Development designed what was to be the first of their many roller coasters, the Matterhorn Bobsleds
at Disneyland in Anaheim
, California
. Built in conjunction with WED Imagineering
, the ride was the first modern tubular steel tracked roller coaster
in the world.
After construction of the Matterhorn, Disney bought a third of Arrow Development and moved the company to a larger plant at 1555 Plymouth Street in the North Bayshore Area. At the new location, Arrow went on to develop new ride systems for Disney and developed the vehicles and tracks for It's a Small World, Pirates of the Caribbean
, Adventure Thru Inner Space
, and the Haunted Mansion
.
When Arrow wasn't developing rides for Disney, it was creating rides for other amusement parks. It developed the modern log flume ride
, which can be seen around the country in many amusement and theme parks today. In the 1970s the company perfected and brought back the loop into modern roller coasters.
Arrow Development began to make significant advancements in the roller coaster industry as well as major installations throughout the United States. In 1975, Arrow installed one of the most important rides of its time, Corkscrew
, which made its debut at Knott's Berry Farm
as the world's first modern inverting coaster. Arrow made dozens of coasters throughout the decades, including several Corkscrew-style coasters, many "runaway mine train" coasters like Cedar Creek Mine Ride
and Adventure Express
, custom-designed coasters like Loch Ness Monster
, and Carolina Cyclone
. Arrow Dynamics made large advancements not only in roller coaster technology but also in many other fields, such as in water rides (creating the hugely popular log flume
rides), as well as many other family-style rides.
Some of Arrow Development's later projects included what were at the time the world's tallest roller coasters, such as Magnum XL-200
at Cedar Point
in 1989 and Pepsi Max Big One
at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 1994.
at Six Flags Magic Mountain
. X opened to massive media attention and received an initially positive reception. However, several mechanical problems caused the ride to be closed for repairs during much of its first year of operation.
The company finally fell into bankruptcy in December 2001. During October 2001, the company's assets were sold to fellow amusement ride manufacturer S&S Power
. The S&S Arrow division of S&S Power still operates, but basically only to make their 4th dimension coasters.
Roller coaster
The roller coaster is a popular amusement ride developed for amusement parks and modern theme parks. LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first coasters on January 20, 1885...
and amusement ride design company based in Clearfield
Clearfield, Utah
Clearfield is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. The population was 25,974 at the 2000 census. The city grew drastically during the 1940s, with the formation of Hill Air Force Base, and in the 1950s with the nation-wide increase in suburb and "bedroom" community populations and has been...
, Utah
Utah
Utah is a state in the Western United States. It was the 45th state to join the Union, on January 4, 1896. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,763,885 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the...
, United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. In 2002, the company went bankrupt but was quickly bought by fellow amusement ride manufacturer S&S Power
S&S Power
S&S Worldwide is a company known for its pneumatically powered amusement rides and roller coaster designing.-History:S&S Worldwide was founded by Stan Checketts as S&S Sports, Inc. S&S Sports manufactures bungee jumping and trampoline equipment. S&S Sports was sold in 1996...
to form S&S Arrow. During its peak, Arrow Dynamics was responsible for some of the biggest and most influential advancements in the roller coaster industry. From the first tubular steel tracked coaster, Matterhorn Bobsleds
Matterhorn Bobsleds
The Matterhorn Bobsleds or the Matterhorn is an attraction composed of two intertwining steel roller coasters, which opened in 1959 at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It is modeled after the Matterhorn, a mountain in the Swiss Alps...
at Disneyland, to the first mine train roller coaster Run-A-Way Mine Train at Six Flags Over Texas
Six Flags Over Texas
Six Flags Over Texas is a major amusement park located in Arlington, Texas , east of Fort Worth and about west of Dallas. It is the oldest park of the Six Flags chain. The park opened on August 5, 1961 following just a year of construction and an initial investment of US$10 million by real estate...
, to the first modern inverting coaster, Corkscrew
Corkscrew (Silverwood)
Corkscrew is the name of an Arrow Dynamics roller coaster formerly located at Knott's Berry Farm and currently located at Silverwood. Developed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics, a Utah based design firm, the "Corkscrew" was the first steel inverting roller coaster open to the public.Many identical...
at Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm is a theme park in Buena Park, California, now owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, and a line of jams, jellies, preserves, and other specialty food, now part of The J. M. Smucker Company based in Placentia, California....
, to the world's first hypercoaster
Hypercoaster
A hypercoaster can mean one of two things:*Any continuous-circuit roller coaster with a height or drop measuring greater than 200 feetOr, more narrowly:*A style or model of roller coaster with three features:**A height of 200–299 feet...
, Magnum XL 200 at Cedar Point
Cedar Point
Cedar Point is a 364 acre amusement park located in Sandusky, Ohio, United States on a narrow peninsula jutting into Lake Erie. Cedar Point is the only amusement park with four roller coasters that are taller than...
, to the world's first multi-dimensional roller coaster, X² at Six Flags Magic Mountain
Six Flags Magic Mountain
Six Flags Magic Mountain is a theme park located in Valencia, California north of Los Angeles. It opened on Memorial Day weekend on May 30, 1971 as Magic Mountain, by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park's title. In...
, Arrow Dynamics had a monumental and lasting impact on the roller coaster industry.
Roller coaster company Vekoma
Vekoma
Vekoma Rides Manufacturing B.V. is a roller coaster and thrill ride designer with its facilities based in the Netherlands. The company was founded in 1926 by Hendrik op het Veld under the name "Veld Koning Machinefabriek" and had first manufactured agricultural machinery and mining equipment...
still uses Arrow-designed trains on some of their roller coasters.
Beginnings
Arrow Development was founded in 1946 when two World War II veterans, Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon, formed a small machine shop at 243 Moffett Boulevard, just north of Downtown Mountain View, CaliforniaMountain View, California
-Downtown:Mountain View has a pedestrian-friendly downtown centered on Castro Street. The downtown area consists of the seven blocks of Castro Street from the Downtown Mountain View Station transit center in the north to the intersection with El Camino Real in the south...
. They started out small, building merry-go-rounds
Carousel
A carousel , or merry-go-round, is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating circular platform with seats for riders...
and other rides for local amusement parks.
In 1953 they were contacted by Walt Disney
Walt Disney
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well-known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O...
, who was just beginning to plan a new type of amusement park in California. Disney admired Arrow's work and hired the company to help design and build the ride systems for many of Disneyland's original and early rides, including Mad Tea Party
Mad Tea Party
Mad Tea Party is a spinning tea cup ride at all five Disneyland-style theme parks around the world. The ride theme is inspired by the Unbirthday Party scene in Disney's Alice In Wonderland...
, King Arthur Carrousel
King Arthur Carrousel
King Arthur Carrousel is the carousel in Fantasyland at Disneyland which was featured in the telecast of Disneyland's 1955 opening day.-History:...
, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride
Mr. Toad's Wild Ride is a dark ride at Disneyland Park. It is one of the few remaining attractions that was operational on the park's opening day in 1955. The ride's story is based on Disney's adaptation of The Wind in the Willows, one of the two segments of the film The Adventures of Ichabod and...
, Casey Jr. Circus Train
Casey Jr. Circus Train
The Casey Jr. Circus Train is an attraction found at Disneyland and Disneyland Paris. Based on the train of the same name from the 1941 film Dumbo, it gives passengers a tour of many miniature versions of classic Disney animated film scenes. This tour is similar to the one given on the slower paced...
, and Snow White's Scary Adventures
Snow White's Scary Adventures
Snow White's Scary Adventures is a dark ride at the Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Park theme parks. Located in Fantasyland, it is one of the few remaining attractions that was operational on Disneyland's opening day in 1955...
.
While Arrow designed and tested these rides, Walt Disney made frequent trips up to Mountain View to check on their progress. Then the rides were quickly shipped down to Anaheim to be ready for the park's opening. Disney continued to use Arrow as he expanded Disneyland. The company went on to build Dumbo the Flying Elephant
Dumbo the Flying Elephant (ride)
Dumbo the Flying Elephant is a carousel-style ride located in Fantasyland at five Disney parks around the world. The original attraction opened at Disneyland in October of 1955, three months after the park opened...
, Autopia
Autopia
Autopia is a Disneyland attraction, in which patrons steer specially designed cars through an enclosed track. Versions of Autopia exist at Anaheim, California, Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France, and at Hong Kong Disneyland on Lantau Island, Hong Kong...
, and Alice in Wonderland
Alice in Wonderland (Disneyland attraction)
Alice in Wonderland is a dark ride in Fantasyland at Disneyland park. Based on the animated Disney adaptation of the same name, the attraction resides next to a second ride, the Mad Tea Party, based on a scene in that same adaptation...
in coming years.
Move toward roller coaster manufacturing
Matterhorn Bobsleds
The Matterhorn Bobsleds or the Matterhorn is an attraction composed of two intertwining steel roller coasters, which opened in 1959 at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It is modeled after the Matterhorn, a mountain in the Swiss Alps...
at Disneyland in Anaheim
Anaheim, California
Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was about 365,463, making it the most populated city in Orange County, the 10th most-populated city in California, and ranked 54th in the United States...
, California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
. Built in conjunction with WED Imagineering
Walt Disney Imagineering
Walt Disney Imagineering is the design and development arm of the Walt Disney Company, responsible for the creation and construction of Disney theme parks worldwide...
, the ride was the first modern tubular steel tracked roller coaster
Steel roller coaster
A steel roller coaster is a roller coaster that is defined by having a track made of steel. Steel coasters have earned immense popularity in the past 50 years throughout the world...
in the world.
After construction of the Matterhorn, Disney bought a third of Arrow Development and moved the company to a larger plant at 1555 Plymouth Street in the North Bayshore Area. At the new location, Arrow went on to develop new ride systems for Disney and developed the vehicles and tracks for It's a Small World, Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean (theme park ride)
Pirates of the Caribbean is a log flume type of dark ride at the Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris theme parks....
, Adventure Thru Inner Space
Adventure Thru Inner Space
Adventure Thru Inner Space, presented by Monsanto Company, was an attraction in Disneyland's Tomorrowland. It was the first attraction to utilize Disney's Omnimover system....
, and the Haunted Mansion
Haunted Mansion
The Haunted Mansion is a dark ride located at Disneyland, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disneyland. A significantly re-imagined incarnation of the ride, known as Phantom Manor, is located in Disneyland Paris...
.
When Arrow wasn't developing rides for Disney, it was creating rides for other amusement parks. It developed the modern log flume ride
Log flume (attraction)
Log flumes originally referred to a special construct used to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water. Today, however, the term is also used to refer to an amusement ride consisting of a water flume and artificial hollow logs or boats...
, which can be seen around the country in many amusement and theme parks today. In the 1970s the company perfected and brought back the loop into modern roller coasters.
Arrow Development began to make significant advancements in the roller coaster industry as well as major installations throughout the United States. In 1975, Arrow installed one of the most important rides of its time, Corkscrew
Corkscrew (Silverwood)
Corkscrew is the name of an Arrow Dynamics roller coaster formerly located at Knott's Berry Farm and currently located at Silverwood. Developed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics, a Utah based design firm, the "Corkscrew" was the first steel inverting roller coaster open to the public.Many identical...
, which made its debut at Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm
Knott's Berry Farm is a theme park in Buena Park, California, now owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, and a line of jams, jellies, preserves, and other specialty food, now part of The J. M. Smucker Company based in Placentia, California....
as the world's first modern inverting coaster. Arrow made dozens of coasters throughout the decades, including several Corkscrew-style coasters, many "runaway mine train" coasters like Cedar Creek Mine Ride
Cedar Creek Mine Ride
Cedar Creek Mine Ride is a roller coaster operating at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio in the Frontiertown section of the park. It is the second oldest operating roller coaster in the park behind Blue Streak...
and Adventure Express
Adventure Express
Adventure Express is a Mine Train roller coaster located at Kings Island amusement park that opened in 1991.The ride is located in the Oktoberfest section of Kings Island near Outer Hank's and the SlingShot. The ride is considered a mine train and has the typical lap bar designed trains, abrupt...
, custom-designed coasters like Loch Ness Monster
Loch Ness Monster (roller coaster)
The Loch Ness Monster is a roller coaster located of Busch Gardens Williamsburg. Designed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics, the Loch Ness Monster was the world's tallest roller coaster when it opened in 1978. It was the first continuous circuit coaster and is a coaster to contain interlocking loops...
, and Carolina Cyclone
Carolina Cyclone
The Carolina Cyclone is a roller coaster located at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina and Fort Mill, South Carolina. The Carolina Cyclone, built in 1980 by world renowned coaster builders Arrow Dynamics, was the first ride featuring 4 inversions, two loops and two corkscrews.The Carolina...
. Arrow Dynamics made large advancements not only in roller coaster technology but also in many other fields, such as in water rides (creating the hugely popular log flume
Log flume (attraction)
Log flumes originally referred to a special construct used to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water. Today, however, the term is also used to refer to an amusement ride consisting of a water flume and artificial hollow logs or boats...
rides), as well as many other family-style rides.
Magnum XL-200
Magnum XL-200 is an Arrow Dynamics steel hypercoaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Built in 1989, it was the first complete circuit roller coaster to break the barrier...
at Cedar Point
Cedar Point
Cedar Point is a 364 acre amusement park located in Sandusky, Ohio, United States on a narrow peninsula jutting into Lake Erie. Cedar Point is the only amusement park with four roller coasters that are taller than...
in 1989 and Pepsi Max Big One
Pepsi Max Big One
The Big One is a steel roller coaster located at Pleasure Beach Blackpool in the United Kingdom. The ride was originally manufactured by Arrow Dynamics, a now defunct steel coaster manufacturer, and was sponsored by the soft drinks firm Pepsi, under their brand of Pepsi Max until 2011...
at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 1994.
Bankruptcy
In the late 1990s, Arrow Development's workload steadily decreased, with few installations toward the end of the decade. Bankruptcy loomed as Arrow made their final attempt to stay afloat with X, a 4th dimension roller coaster4th Dimension roller coaster
A 4th Dimension roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster whereby riders are rotated independently of the orientation of the track, generally about a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to the track. The cars do not necessarily need to be fixed to an angle.-History:John F...
at Six Flags Magic Mountain
Six Flags Magic Mountain
Six Flags Magic Mountain is a theme park located in Valencia, California north of Los Angeles. It opened on Memorial Day weekend on May 30, 1971 as Magic Mountain, by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park's title. In...
. X opened to massive media attention and received an initially positive reception. However, several mechanical problems caused the ride to be closed for repairs during much of its first year of operation.
The company finally fell into bankruptcy in December 2001. During October 2001, the company's assets were sold to fellow amusement ride manufacturer S&S Power
S&S Power
S&S Worldwide is a company known for its pneumatically powered amusement rides and roller coaster designing.-History:S&S Worldwide was founded by Stan Checketts as S&S Sports, Inc. S&S Sports manufactures bungee jumping and trampoline equipment. S&S Sports was sold in 1996...
. The S&S Arrow division of S&S Power still operates, but basically only to make their 4th dimension coasters.
Milestones
- 1959: The world's first tubular steel track coaster, Matterhorn BobsledsMatterhorn BobsledsThe Matterhorn Bobsleds or the Matterhorn is an attraction composed of two intertwining steel roller coasters, which opened in 1959 at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It is modeled after the Matterhorn, a mountain in the Swiss Alps...
, at Disneyland. - 1966: The world's first mine train roller coaster, featuring the world's first underwater tunnel, the Runaway Mine Train at Six Flags Over TexasSix Flags Over TexasSix Flags Over Texas is a major amusement park located in Arlington, Texas , east of Fort Worth and about west of Dallas. It is the oldest park of the Six Flags chain. The park opened on August 5, 1961 following just a year of construction and an initial investment of US$10 million by real estate...
. - 1975: The world's first modern inverting coaster, CorkscrewCorkscrew (Silverwood)Corkscrew is the name of an Arrow Dynamics roller coaster formerly located at Knott's Berry Farm and currently located at Silverwood. Developed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics, a Utah based design firm, the "Corkscrew" was the first steel inverting roller coaster open to the public.Many identical...
, at Knott's Berry FarmKnott's Berry FarmKnott's Berry Farm is a theme park in Buena Park, California, now owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, and a line of jams, jellies, preserves, and other specialty food, now part of The J. M. Smucker Company based in Placentia, California....
. - 1976: The world's first coaster with 3 inversions, CorkscrewCorkscrew (Cedar Point)Corkscrew is a roller coaster at the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio. When built in 1976, it was the first roller coaster in the world with 3 inversions....
at Cedar PointCedar PointCedar Point is a 364 acre amusement park located in Sandusky, Ohio, United States on a narrow peninsula jutting into Lake Erie. Cedar Point is the only amusement park with four roller coasters that are taller than...
. - 1977: The world's first coaster with consecutive vertical loops, Double LoopDouble Loop (Geauga Lake)Double Loop was a steel roller coaster at Geauga Lake & Wildwater Kingdom. Built in 1977 by Arrow Dynamics, it was the first roller coaster to feature two consecutive vertical loops.-History:...
, at Geauga Lake. - 1978: The world's first interlocking loops, Loch Ness MonsterLoch Ness Monster (roller coaster)The Loch Ness Monster is a roller coaster located of Busch Gardens Williamsburg. Designed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics, the Loch Ness Monster was the world's tallest roller coaster when it opened in 1978. It was the first continuous circuit coaster and is a coaster to contain interlocking loops...
at Busch Gardens Williamsburg. - 1980: The world's first coaster with 4 inversions, Carolina CycloneCarolina CycloneThe Carolina Cyclone is a roller coaster located at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina and Fort Mill, South Carolina. The Carolina Cyclone, built in 1980 by world renowned coaster builders Arrow Dynamics, was the first ride featuring 4 inversions, two loops and two corkscrews.The Carolina...
at Carowinds. - 1981: The world's first modern suspended coaster, The Bat, at Kings IslandKings IslandKings Island is a amusement park located northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio. Opened in 1972 by Taft Broadcasting Company and now owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, Kings Island is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the U.S...
. - 1982: The world's first coaster with 5 inversions, Viper at Darien Lake.
- 1984: The world's first successful suspended coaster, XLR-8XLR-8XLR-8 was a steel suspended roller coaster. It was designed by Arrow Dynamics and located at Six Flags Astroworld from when it was constructed 1984 until AstroWorld closed in 2005...
at Six Flags AstroworldSix Flags AstroworldAstroWorld was a seasonally operated theme park located on approximately of land between Kirby Drive and Fannin Avenue, directly south of Loop 610 in Houston, Texas, USA...
and Big Bad WolfBig Bad Wolf (roller coaster)The Big Bad Wolf was a suspended roller coaster in the Oktoberfest section of Busch Gardens Williamsburg. First opened in 1984, the ride operated for 25 years and the ride closed on September 7, 2009...
at Busch Gardens Williamsburg - 1987: The world's first coaster with 6 inversions, The Vortex at Kings IslandKings IslandKings Island is a amusement park located northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio. Opened in 1972 by Taft Broadcasting Company and now owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, Kings Island is the most visited seasonal amusement park in the U.S...
. - 1988: The world's first coaster with 7 inversions, ShockwaveShockwave (Six Flags Great America)Shockwave was a large roller coaster manufactured by Arrow Dynamics at Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois...
at Six Flags Great AmericaSix Flags Great AmericaSix Flags Great America is a Six Flags theme park in the Chicago metropolitan area, located in Gurnee, Illinois. It first opened in 1976 as Marriott's Great America. Six Flags purchased the park from the Marriott Corporation in 1984, making it the seventh park in the chain...
. - 1989: The world's first HypercoasterHypercoasterA hypercoaster can mean one of two things:*Any continuous-circuit roller coaster with a height or drop measuring greater than 200 feetOr, more narrowly:*A style or model of roller coaster with three features:**A height of 200–299 feet...
, Magnum XL-200Magnum XL-200Magnum XL-200 is an Arrow Dynamics steel hypercoaster located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio. Built in 1989, it was the first complete circuit roller coaster to break the barrier...
, at Cedar PointCedar PointCedar Point is a 364 acre amusement park located in Sandusky, Ohio, United States on a narrow peninsula jutting into Lake Erie. Cedar Point is the only amusement park with four roller coasters that are taller than...
. - 1994: The world's tallest, steepest and fastest coaster, Pepsi Max Big OnePepsi Max Big OneThe Big One is a steel roller coaster located at Pleasure Beach Blackpool in the United Kingdom. The ride was originally manufactured by Arrow Dynamics, a now defunct steel coaster manufacturer, and was sponsored by the soft drinks firm Pepsi, under their brand of Pepsi Max until 2011...
at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Great Britain. - 2002: The world's first 4th dimension coaster4th Dimension roller coasterA 4th Dimension roller coaster is a type of steel roller coaster whereby riders are rotated independently of the orientation of the track, generally about a horizontal axis that is perpendicular to the track. The cars do not necessarily need to be fixed to an angle.-History:John F...
, X, at Six Flags Magic MountainSix Flags Magic MountainSix Flags Magic Mountain is a theme park located in Valencia, California north of Los Angeles. It opened on Memorial Day weekend on May 30, 1971 as Magic Mountain, by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park's title. In...
.
External links
- Front Seat On Ride Video of Arrow Dynamics Prototype 4D Roller Coaster X2
- S&S Worldwide, the successor to Arrow Dynamics
- Arrow: Building a Dream from themagiceye at Joyland Books