Ars longa, vita brevis
Encyclopedia
Ars longa, vita brevis are the first two lines of a Latin translation of an aphorism
by Ancient Greek
physician Hippocrates
. The words are commonly translated in English as art is long, life is short. The full text in Latin
is:
In this commonly found Latin translation, the first two statements have been switched from the Greek
original.
The full text is often rendered in English as:
The most common and significant caveat in this translation is that "art" ) is interpreted as "technique, craft" (as in The Art of War
), not "fine art", Hippocrates being a doctor and this being the start of a medical text. The following line "The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants, and externals cooperate," makes the medical context clear.
The Latin is more clearly recognizable, but less idiomatic, using English terms descended from the Latin:
In transliteration:hê de tekhnê makrê,
ho de kairos oxys,
hê de peira sphalerê,
hê de krisis khalepê.
The Greek text, accordingly, is generally rendered in English as:
's “Life is so short, and the craft takes so long to learn” (from Parlement of Foules
). Also, consider the ancient Jewish Rabbi Tarfon
(c. 100 CE), who was known to say, "The day is short, the labor vast, the workers lazy, the reward great, the Master urgent." (Avot 2:17)
Bios brachys :
"Bios" means "life" in most of the modern English senses of the word and as used as a root in words like "biology" and "antibiotic". Hippocrates here means "life" as in "the life lived by a person", "the course of a life", "the extent of a life"; "brachys" is an adjective meaning "brief" or, better "short" in the same way that the strings of a sling may be short but also in the sense that a tree may have few (be short of) leaves and that a measuring weight may be small or short compared to other weights. Hippocrates here is saying, Life is [too] short.
Techne makre :
"Techne" is the root of the English words "technology" and "technical" but its meaning in Ancient Greek is not quite parallel. The word "craft" is often used to capture most of its essence. The corollary of "techne" in Ancient Greek is "episteme" which means a system of knowledge—in this sense, "techne" was the physical "doing" or "making" or "performing" of a task, anything requiring the use of the hands (including what we now call "art": sculpture, painting, etc., as well as the practice of medicine on a patient and the practice of religion as a series of gestures, motions, offerings, etc.) and its, opposite, "episteme", was strictly theory and idea without application. "Makre" is the root of an English prefix, "macro-" meaning "large". An opposite for "large" in English, the word "small", gets its English prefix from the Greek prefix "micro-" ("mikr-") meaning "tiny" or "small" in the sense of size or, better yet, significance (a small shield as well as a small-time huckster) and with "makr-" having the opposite meaning of large significance or scope but also in the sense of taking long strides and in throwing a javelin a long distance. Hippocrates, then: The task is huge (esp. when compared to the smallness of life, to which it is being contrasted here).
Kairos oxys :
"Kairos" means "opportunity" in the sense of "the right time", "the best time", "the critical moment". "Oxys" has the Ancient Greek meaning of "sharpening" (of tools, as well as of taste - it is related to the Greek for "acid") as well as the sense of "keen" and "pointed" (in the sense of the breasts of most animals, as opposed to the breastbone of a man which is flat). "Fleeting" is a loose translation: what Hippocrates really means is that "kairos" is like a sharp edge, a thing much needed but which does not last long, a thing that occurs seldom and is difficult to make much use of before it is gone again. Hippocrates: The right time is like a razor blade.
Peira sphalere :
This line has also been translated into Latin as EXPERIENTIA FALLAX (= experience is deceptive). The first meaning attributed to the root σφαλερ- (H.G. Liddel and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford U. Press) is "likely to make one stumble or trip." As to πεῖρ- the first meaning is "trial, attempt," but also "gain experience of." The section on πεῖρ- refers to the Latin word "ex-per-ior" (to test and to gain experience) and "per-itus" (ex-per-t). The Latin "experientia" conveys both the search and the possession of knowledge, skill, experience (Campanini and Carboni, Vocabolario Latino Italiano, Paravia). Hippocrates: The road to experience is fraught with hazards.
Crisis chalepe :
"Crisis" translates into modern English quite well as "judgment" but also means, with greater subtlety, "making a distinction between similar things", "the outcome of a court", "the choice" of a winner over a loser in a contest, "the election" of a person to a position of power, and "the interpretation" of dreams or portents. It is probably best understood as meaning both the active act of critical thought and rendering judgement as well as the passive act of observing the designs and intents of men subjected to the laws and whims of reality. "Chalep-" has the meanings of "hard to bear", "grievous", and "painful" (of emotions), "rugged" (of ground), "cruel" (of persons or even of plants to the soil), "ill-fitting" (of armor), and "severe" (of the wind). Hippocrates: Continuously to accept reality and critical thought over hope and prejudice is taxing.
Aphorism
An aphorism is an original thought, spoken or written in a laconic and memorable form.The term was first used in the Aphorisms of Hippocrates...
by Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
physician Hippocrates
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...
. The words are commonly translated in English as art is long, life is short. The full text in Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
is:
- Ars longa,
- vita brevis,
- occasio praeceps,
- experimentum periculosum,
- iudicium difficile.
In this commonly found Latin translation, the first two statements have been switched from the Greek
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
original.
The full text is often rendered in English as:
- [The] art is long,
- life is short,
- opportunity fleeting,
- experiment dangerous,
- judgment difficult.
The most common and significant caveat in this translation is that "art" ) is interpreted as "technique, craft" (as in The Art of War
The Art of War
The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise that is attributed to Sun Tzu , a high ranking military general and strategist during the late Spring and Autumn period...
), not "fine art", Hippocrates being a doctor and this being the start of a medical text. The following line "The physician must not only be prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient, the attendants, and externals cooperate," makes the medical context clear.
The Latin is more clearly recognizable, but less idiomatic, using English terms descended from the Latin:
- Art [is] long,
- vitality [is] brief,
- occasion precipitous,
- experiment perilous,
- judgment difficult.
Greek form
Its original form in Hippocrates' work Aphorisms (sect. I, no. 1) is:In transliteration:
The Greek text, accordingly, is generally rendered in English as:
- Life is short,
- [the] art long,
- opportunity fleeting,
- experiment fallible,
- judgment difficult.
Related sayings
Consider also ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer , known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey...
's “Life is so short, and the craft takes so long to learn” (from Parlement of Foules
Parlement of Foules
The "Parlement of Foules" is a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer made up of approximately 700 lines. The poem is in the form of a dream vision in rhyme royal stanza and is interesting in that it is the first reference to the idea that St...
). Also, consider the ancient Jewish Rabbi Tarfon
Tarfon
Rabbi Tarfon or Tarphon, , a Kohen, a member of the third generation of the Mishnah sages, who lived in the period between the destruction of the Second Temple and the fall of Bethar .-Origins and character:...
(c. 100 CE), who was known to say, "The day is short, the labor vast, the workers lazy, the reward great, the Master urgent." (Avot 2:17)
Analysis of Original Greek Text
The elements of the original Ancient Greek text parse in this way:Bios brachys :
"Bios" means "life" in most of the modern English senses of the word and as used as a root in words like "biology" and "antibiotic". Hippocrates here means "life" as in "the life lived by a person", "the course of a life", "the extent of a life"; "brachys" is an adjective meaning "brief" or, better "short" in the same way that the strings of a sling may be short but also in the sense that a tree may have few (be short of) leaves and that a measuring weight may be small or short compared to other weights. Hippocrates here is saying, Life is [too] short.
Techne makre :
"Techne" is the root of the English words "technology" and "technical" but its meaning in Ancient Greek is not quite parallel. The word "craft" is often used to capture most of its essence. The corollary of "techne" in Ancient Greek is "episteme" which means a system of knowledge—in this sense, "techne" was the physical "doing" or "making" or "performing" of a task, anything requiring the use of the hands (including what we now call "art": sculpture, painting, etc., as well as the practice of medicine on a patient and the practice of religion as a series of gestures, motions, offerings, etc.) and its, opposite, "episteme", was strictly theory and idea without application. "Makre" is the root of an English prefix, "macro-" meaning "large". An opposite for "large" in English, the word "small", gets its English prefix from the Greek prefix "micro-" ("mikr-") meaning "tiny" or "small" in the sense of size or, better yet, significance (a small shield as well as a small-time huckster) and with "makr-" having the opposite meaning of large significance or scope but also in the sense of taking long strides and in throwing a javelin a long distance. Hippocrates, then: The task is huge (esp. when compared to the smallness of life, to which it is being contrasted here).
Kairos oxys :
"Kairos" means "opportunity" in the sense of "the right time", "the best time", "the critical moment". "Oxys" has the Ancient Greek meaning of "sharpening" (of tools, as well as of taste - it is related to the Greek for "acid") as well as the sense of "keen" and "pointed" (in the sense of the breasts of most animals, as opposed to the breastbone of a man which is flat). "Fleeting" is a loose translation: what Hippocrates really means is that "kairos" is like a sharp edge, a thing much needed but which does not last long, a thing that occurs seldom and is difficult to make much use of before it is gone again. Hippocrates: The right time is like a razor blade.
Peira sphalere :
This line has also been translated into Latin as EXPERIENTIA FALLAX (= experience is deceptive). The first meaning attributed to the root σφαλερ- (H.G. Liddel and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford U. Press) is "likely to make one stumble or trip." As to πεῖρ- the first meaning is "trial, attempt," but also "gain experience of." The section on πεῖρ- refers to the Latin word "ex-per-ior" (to test and to gain experience) and "per-itus" (ex-per-t). The Latin "experientia" conveys both the search and the possession of knowledge, skill, experience (Campanini and Carboni, Vocabolario Latino Italiano, Paravia). Hippocrates: The road to experience is fraught with hazards.
Crisis chalepe :
"Crisis" translates into modern English quite well as "judgment" but also means, with greater subtlety, "making a distinction between similar things", "the outcome of a court", "the choice" of a winner over a loser in a contest, "the election" of a person to a position of power, and "the interpretation" of dreams or portents. It is probably best understood as meaning both the active act of critical thought and rendering judgement as well as the passive act of observing the designs and intents of men subjected to the laws and whims of reality. "Chalep-" has the meanings of "hard to bear", "grievous", and "painful" (of emotions), "rugged" (of ground), "cruel" (of persons or even of plants to the soil), "ill-fitting" (of armor), and "severe" (of the wind). Hippocrates: Continuously to accept reality and critical thought over hope and prejudice is taxing.