Arthur Guyton
Encyclopedia
Arthur Clifton Guyton was an American physiologist. He was born in Oxford, Mississippi
, to Dr. Billy S. Guyton, a highly respected eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist, who later became Dean of the University of Mississippi
Medical School, and Kate Smallwood Guyton, a mathematics and physics teacher who had been a missionary in China before marriage.
Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology became a household name in medical schools. From the ninth edition onwards, John E. Hall co-authored the textbook. However, all prior editions were written entirely by Guyton, with the eighth edition published in 1991. Subsequent editions, including the latest, preserve his legacy within the title, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology.
Guyton's obituary states "unlike most major textbooks, which often have as many as 10-20 authors", the first eight editions "were written entirely by Guyton with a new edition always arriving on schedule for nearly 40 years. This feat is unprecedented for any physiology or medical text. His textbook is unique in the history of medical publishing".
Guyton is most famous for his experiments in the 1950s which studied the physiology of cardiac output
and its relationship with the peripheral circulation (see e.g. chapter 23 of Guyton 1976, or chapter 20 of both Guyton, 1991 and Guyton & Hall.
It was this work which overturned the conventional wisdom that it was the heart itself that controlled cardiac output. Guyton instead demonstrated that it was the need of the body tissues for oxygen
which was the real regulator of cardiac output. The "Guyton Curves" which describe the relationship between right atrial pressures and cardiac output form the basis of understanding the physiology of circulation. This subject is well described in Guyton's textbook (e.g. Guyton 1976; Guyton 1991; Guyton & Hall 2006) which contains references to the original publications.
Dr. Guyton initially intended to be a cardiovascular surgeon but was partially paralysed after being infected with polio. He suffered from this infection in 1946 during
his final year of residency training. Suffering paralysis in his right leg, left arm,
and both shoulders, he spent nine months in Warm Springs, Georgia, recuperating
and applying his inventive mind to building the first motorized wheelchair
controlled by a “joy stick”, a motorized hoist for lifting patients, special leg
braces, and other devices to aid the handicapped. For those inventions, he
received a Presidential Citation. Moreover, his obituary makes clear that he was not subdued by his polio.
Due to his disability, he had to abandon his plan to become a surgeon. Instead he concentrated on physiology research and teaching, and became the head of the University of Mississippi
Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics. He retired as department chair in 1989 but continued as emeritus
professor
up until his death on April 3, 2003, in a car accident
. Despite his disability, he was father to ten children who all went on to become celebrated physicians, including a Professor of Ophthalmology, a Professor of Surgery, a Professor of Medicine, a cardiothoracic surgeon, a rheumatologist, two anaesthesiologists and two orthopaedic surgeons. Eight of his children attended Harvard Medical School.
His obituary in The Physiologist journal, and Memoriam in the 11th edition of his book, are largely verbatim of each other, including as below:
The Textbook Memoriam continues: "Indeed, his concepts of cardiovascular regulation are found in virtually every major textbook of physiology. They have become so familiar that their origin is sometimes forgotten".
Nowadays Guyton is perhaps best known for his book Textbook of medical physiology, the first edition of which was published in 1956. Since then, 11 editions of it have appeared (10 of which have appeared before Guyton's death). Textbook of medical physiology is the world's best-selling physiology book and has been translated into at least 13 languages (the textbook memoriam states 13, but the online memoriam states at least 15.)
Despite revisions, much of the information in the Textbook of medical physiology has remained stable over time. Indeed, a comparison of say, the 5th, 8th and 11th editions shows that a substantial amount of information remains unchanged between the 5th and 11th editions, in many cases word for word. Mostly it has been updated and compressed as new information came available. Indeed, the 5th edition contains elaboration on some topics. For example, the effect of clothing on evaporative heat loss in hot-humid environments has been culled by the 8th edition. Such changes do not detract from the utility of the Textbook of medical physiology. But it does mean that one must refer to other texts (e.g. Weiss & Mann 1985.) to become aware of the relevance of the clothing issue to thermoregulation in hot-humid conditions. And of course it illustrates the usefulness of cross-checking current and earlier editions of textbooks on any subject.
Note: Reference to Guyton's biographical details in the above text comes primarily from the obituary published in Physiologist Magazine, and John E. Hall's memoriam and preface to the 11th edition of Textbook of Medical Physiology. both of which contain overlapping statements, sometimes verbatim, sometimes almost verbatim.
Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford is a city in, and the county seat of, Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1835, it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there, which it did successfully attract....
, to Dr. Billy S. Guyton, a highly respected eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist, who later became Dean of the University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. Founded in 1844, the school is composed of the main campus in Oxford, four branch campuses located in Booneville, Grenada, Tupelo, and Southaven as well as the...
Medical School, and Kate Smallwood Guyton, a mathematics and physics teacher who had been a missionary in China before marriage.
Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology became a household name in medical schools. From the ninth edition onwards, John E. Hall co-authored the textbook. However, all prior editions were written entirely by Guyton, with the eighth edition published in 1991. Subsequent editions, including the latest, preserve his legacy within the title, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology.
Guyton's obituary states "unlike most major textbooks, which often have as many as 10-20 authors", the first eight editions "were written entirely by Guyton with a new edition always arriving on schedule for nearly 40 years. This feat is unprecedented for any physiology or medical text. His textbook is unique in the history of medical publishing".
Guyton is most famous for his experiments in the 1950s which studied the physiology of cardiac output
Cardiac output
Cardiac output is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of one minute. CO may be measured in many ways, for example dm3/min...
and its relationship with the peripheral circulation (see e.g. chapter 23 of Guyton 1976, or chapter 20 of both Guyton, 1991 and Guyton & Hall.
It was this work which overturned the conventional wisdom that it was the heart itself that controlled cardiac output. Guyton instead demonstrated that it was the need of the body tissues for oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...
which was the real regulator of cardiac output. The "Guyton Curves" which describe the relationship between right atrial pressures and cardiac output form the basis of understanding the physiology of circulation. This subject is well described in Guyton's textbook (e.g. Guyton 1976; Guyton 1991; Guyton & Hall 2006) which contains references to the original publications.
Dr. Guyton initially intended to be a cardiovascular surgeon but was partially paralysed after being infected with polio. He suffered from this infection in 1946 during
his final year of residency training. Suffering paralysis in his right leg, left arm,
and both shoulders, he spent nine months in Warm Springs, Georgia, recuperating
and applying his inventive mind to building the first motorized wheelchair
controlled by a “joy stick”, a motorized hoist for lifting patients, special leg
braces, and other devices to aid the handicapped. For those inventions, he
received a Presidential Citation. Moreover, his obituary makes clear that he was not subdued by his polio.
He had a special ability to inspire people through his indomitable spirit", and "his courage in the face of adversity humbled us. He would not succumb to the crippling effects of polio. It is very unlikely that a repairman ever crossed his doorstep, except perhaps for a social visit. He and his children not only built their home, but also repaired each and every malfunctioning appliance and home device no matter the difficulty or the physical challenge. He built a hoist to lower himself into the "hole" beneath their house to repair the furnace and septic lines when calling a repairman seemed to be the only option to those who did not know him well. On trips to meetings, he walked long distances across airport terminals when using a wheelchair would have been much easier. His struggle to rise from his chair and walk to the podium for a lecture was moving, but the audience was always more impressed when he forcefully articulated his brillant concepts.
Due to his disability, he had to abandon his plan to become a surgeon. Instead he concentrated on physiology research and teaching, and became the head of the University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. Founded in 1844, the school is composed of the main campus in Oxford, four branch campuses located in Booneville, Grenada, Tupelo, and Southaven as well as the...
Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics. He retired as department chair in 1989 but continued as emeritus
Emeritus
Emeritus is a post-positive adjective that is used to designate a retired professor, bishop, or other professional or as a title. The female equivalent emerita is also sometimes used.-History:...
professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
up until his death on April 3, 2003, in a car accident
Car accident
A traffic collision, also known as a traffic accident, motor vehicle collision, motor vehicle accident, car accident, automobile accident, Road Traffic Collision or car crash, occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction,...
. Despite his disability, he was father to ten children who all went on to become celebrated physicians, including a Professor of Ophthalmology, a Professor of Surgery, a Professor of Medicine, a cardiothoracic surgeon, a rheumatologist, two anaesthesiologists and two orthopaedic surgeons. Eight of his children attended Harvard Medical School.
His obituary in The Physiologist journal, and Memoriam in the 11th edition of his book, are largely verbatim of each other, including as below:
Arthur Guyton's research contributions, which include more than 600 papers and 40 books, are legendary and place him among the greatest figures in the history of cardiovascular physiology. His research covered virtually all areas of cardiovascular regulation and led to many seminal concepts that are now an integral part of the understanding of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and edema. It is difficult to discuss cardiovascular regulation without including his concepts of cardiac output and venous return, negative interstitial fluidInterstitial fluidInterstitial fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid...
pressure and regulation of tissue fluid volume and edema, regulation of tissue blood flow and whole body blood flow auto-regulation, renal-pressure natriuresis, and long-term blood pressure regulation.
The Textbook Memoriam continues: "Indeed, his concepts of cardiovascular regulation are found in virtually every major textbook of physiology. They have become so familiar that their origin is sometimes forgotten".
Nowadays Guyton is perhaps best known for his book Textbook of medical physiology, the first edition of which was published in 1956. Since then, 11 editions of it have appeared (10 of which have appeared before Guyton's death). Textbook of medical physiology is the world's best-selling physiology book and has been translated into at least 13 languages (the textbook memoriam states 13, but the online memoriam states at least 15.)
Despite revisions, much of the information in the Textbook of medical physiology has remained stable over time. Indeed, a comparison of say, the 5th, 8th and 11th editions shows that a substantial amount of information remains unchanged between the 5th and 11th editions, in many cases word for word. Mostly it has been updated and compressed as new information came available. Indeed, the 5th edition contains elaboration on some topics. For example, the effect of clothing on evaporative heat loss in hot-humid environments has been culled by the 8th edition. Such changes do not detract from the utility of the Textbook of medical physiology. But it does mean that one must refer to other texts (e.g. Weiss & Mann 1985.) to become aware of the relevance of the clothing issue to thermoregulation in hot-humid conditions. And of course it illustrates the usefulness of cross-checking current and earlier editions of textbooks on any subject.
Note: Reference to Guyton's biographical details in the above text comes primarily from the obituary published in Physiologist Magazine, and John E. Hall's memoriam and preface to the 11th edition of Textbook of Medical Physiology. both of which contain overlapping statements, sometimes verbatim, sometimes almost verbatim.
Further reading
- The pioneering use of systems analysis to study cardiac output regulation, John E. Hall
- Brinson C, Quinn J. Arthur C. Guyton—His Life, His Family, His Achievements. Jackson, MS, Hederman Brothers Press, 1989.
- Bode R. A Doctor Who’s Dad to Seven Doctors—So Far! Readers’ Digest, December, 1982, pp. 141–145.