Asiatic salamander
Encyclopedia
The Asiatic Salamanders (Family Hynobiidae) are primitive salamander
Salamander
Salamander is a common name of approximately 500 species of amphibians. They are typically characterized by a superficially lizard-like appearance, with their slender bodies, short noses, and long tails. All known fossils and extinct species fall under the order Caudata, while sometimes the extant...

s found all over Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...

, and in European Russia. They are closely related to the Giant Salamander
Giant salamander
The hellbender and Asian giant salamanders are aquatic amphibians found in brooks and ponds in the United States, China, and Japan. They are the largest living amphibians known today...

s (Family Cryptobranchidae), with which they form the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids are unique to Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

 (Hasumi 2002).

Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or spawning
Spawn (biology)
Spawn refers to the eggs and sperm released or deposited, usually into water, by aquatic animals. As a verb, spawn refers to the process of releasing the eggs and sperm, also called spawning...

. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce internally, male hynobiids focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding (Hasumi, 2002). The female lays two egg sacs at a time, each containing up to seventy eggs
Egg (biology)
An egg is an organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop. In most birds, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, and monotremes, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, which is expelled from the body and permitted to develop outside the body until the developing...

. Parental care is common.

A few species have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. The tadpole
Tadpole
A tadpole or polliwog is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.- Appellation :...

 can sometimes have reduced external gill
Gill
A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water, afterward excreting carbon dioxide. The gills of some species such as hermit crabs have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist...

s if they live in cold and very oxygen rich water.

Classification

Currently, 54 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 are known. The following genera make up the Family Hynobiidae:

Subfamily Hynobiinae
  • Genus Batrachuperus
    Batrachuperus
    Batrachuperus is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It contains the following species:* Batrachuperus karlschmidti* Longdong Stream Salamander * Batrachuperus taibaiensis...

    (Chinese Stream Salamanders)
    • Batrachuperus karlschmidti
      Batrachuperus karlschmidti
      Batrachuperus karlschmidti is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitat is rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Feng, X. 2004. . Downloaded on 22 July 2007....

    • Longdong Stream Salamander
      Longdong Stream Salamander
      The Longdong Stream Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are rivers and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Batrachuperus londongensis)
    • Batrachuperus taibaiensis
      Batrachuperus taibaiensis
      Batrachuperus taibaiensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitat is rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Feng, X. 2004. . Downloaded on 22 July 2007....

    • Alpine Stream Salamander
      Alpine Stream Salamander
      The Alpine Stream Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are rivers and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.- References :...

       (Batrachuperus tibetanus)
    • Yenyuan Stream Salamander
      Yenyuan Stream Salamander
      The Yenyuan Stream Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater lakes, and freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss....

       (Batrachuperus yenyuanensis)
    • Western Chinese mountain salamander
      Western Chinese mountain salamander
      The Western Chinese mountain salamander is known in Chinese legend as the White Dragon. During the 16th century, a Chinese author documented its presence at the Omei mountain in the province of Sichuan...

       (Batrachuperus pinchonii)
  • Genus Hynobius
    Hynobius
    Hynobius or Asian Salamanders is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family, endemic to Japan, Korea, China and Far East Russia.It contains the following species:-Species:...

    - (Asian Salamanders)
    • Abe's Salamander
      Abe's Salamander
      The Abe's Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss....

       (Hynobius abei)
    • Amji's salamander
      Hynobius amjiensis
      Hynobius amjiensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are swamps and freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss.- Source :...

       (Hynobius amjiensis)
    • Arisian salamander
      Hynobius arisanensis
      Hynobius arisanensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Hynobius arisanensis)
    • Odaigahara Salamander
      Odaigahara Salamander
      The Odaigahara Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Hynobius boulengeri)
    • Chinese salamander
      Hynobius chinensis
      Hynobius chinensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, and arable land....

       (Hynobius chinensis)
    • Oita Salamander
      Oita Salamander
      The Oita Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, and irrigated land.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* Kaneko, Y. &...

       (Hynobius dunni)
    • Formosan Salamander
      Hynobius formosanus
      Hynobius formosanus is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Hynobius formosanus)
    • Taiwan Lesser Salamander
      Taiwan Lesser Salamander
      The Taiwan Lesser Salamanader is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, and freshwater springs.-Source:...

       (Hynobius fuca)
    • Guabangshan Salamander
      Hynobius guabangshanensis
      Hynobius guabangshanensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland, swamps, freshwater marshes, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.It is threatened by habitat loss....

       (Hynobius guabangshanensis)
    • Hakuba Salamander
      Hakuba Salamander
      The Hakuba Salamander or Japanese Mountain Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family...

       (Hynobius hidamontanus)
    • Akaishi Salamander
      Hynobius katoi
      Hynobius katoi is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:* Stuart, S.N. 2006. . Downloaded on 22 July 2007....

       (Hynobius katoi)
    • Hida Salamander
      Hida Salamander
      The Hida Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:* Kaneko, Y. & Matsui, M. 2004....

       (Hynobius kimurae)
    • Korean salamander
      Korean salamander
      The Korean salamander is the most common species of salamander on the Korean peninsula, and is also found in adjacent portions of China and on Jeju Island...

       (Hynobius leechii)
    • Tohoku Salamander
      Tohoku Salamander
      The Tohoku Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:...

       (Hynobius lichenatus)
    • Liaoning Salamander
      Liaoning Salamander
      The Liaoning Salamander was a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.As of March 2003, it is no longer considered a species.-Source:* . Downloaded on 20 September 2009....

       (Hynobius mantschuriensis)
    • Xingan salamander
      Xingan salamander
      The Xingan salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are marshes, forests and seasonal ponds.It is threatened by habitat loss and climate change.-Source:...

       (Hynobius maoershanensis)
    • Buchi Salamander
      Hynobius naevius
      The Spotted Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:...

       (Hynobius naevius)
    • Japanese Clouded Salamander (Hynobius nebulosus)
    • Japanese Black Salamander
      Japanese Black Salamander
      The Japanese Black Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, irrigated land, and canals and ditches.-References:* Kaneko, Y. &...

       (Hynobius nigrescens)
    • Oki Salamander
      Oki Salamander
      The Oki Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and plantations .It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Hynobius okiensis)
    • Jeju salamander
      Jeju salamander
      The 'Jeju salamander', also spelled Cheju salamander, Hynobius quelpaertensis, is a species of salamander found on various islands and peninsulas off the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula, including Jindo, Geojedo, Jejudo, and Namhae. It inhabits moist mountain forests.Jeju salamanders...

       (Hynobius quelpaertensis)
    • Ezo Salamander
      Ezo Salamander
      The Ezo Salamander or Hokkaido Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan....

       (Hynobius retardus)
    • Sonan's Salamander
      Hynobius sonani
      Hynobius sonani is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.- Source :...

       (Hynobius sonani)
    • Amber Salamander
      Amber-coloured Salamander
      The Amber-coloured Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...

       (Hynobius stejnegeri)
    • Hokuriku Salamander
      Hokuriku Salamander
      The Hokuriku Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, and irrigated land....

       (Hynobius takedai)
    • Mountain Salamander (Hynobius tenuis)
    • Tokyo Salamander
      Tokyo Salamander
      The Tokyo Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, freshwater springs, arable land, irrigated land, and canals and ditches....

       (Hynobius tokyoensis)
    • Tsushima Salamander
      Tsushima Salamander
      The Tsushima Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:...

       (Hynobius tsuensis)
    • Turkestanian Salamander
      Turkestanian Salamander
      The Turkestanian Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is found in possibly Kyrgyzstan, possibly Tajikistan, and possibly Uzbekistan. Several specimens were collected in 1909, but since then the species has not been seen in the wild. None remain in captivity...

       (Hynobius turkestanicus)
    • Kori salamander
      Kori salamander
      The Kori salamander is a species of lentic breeding salamander found in southeastern South Korea. It is similar to the Korean salamander but is distinguished by factors including tail shape and dorsal coloration.The Kori salamander takes its name from Go-ri, a village in Hyoam-ri, Jangan-eup,...

       (Hynobius yangi)
    • Yiwu Salamander
      Hynobius yiwuensis
      Hynobius yiwuensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, and rural gardens.It is threatened by habitat...

       (Hynobius yiwuensis)
    • Yunan Salamander
      Hynobius yunanicus
      Hynobius yunanicus was a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. According to the work of Jian-Li Xiong et all, this salamander has been genetically proven to be synonymous to Pachyhynobius shangchengensis.It is endemic to China....

       (Hynobius yunanicus)
  • Genus Liua
    Liua
    Liua or Wushan salamanders is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family, endemic to China. It contains only two species.-Species:*Wushan Salamander - ....

    (Wushan salamanders)
    • Wushan Salamander
      Wushan Salamander
      The Wushan Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. It is synonymous with Ranodon shihi.It is endemic to China....

       (Liua Shihi)
    • Tsinpa Salamander
      Tsinpa Salamander
      The Tsinpa Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. It is synonymous with Ranodon tsinpaensis and is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers....

       (Liua tsinpaensis)
  • Genus Onychodactylus (clawed salamanders)
    • Chinese clawed salamander
      Long-tailed salamander
      The Long-Tailed Clawed Salamander , Onychodactylus fischeri, is a species of clawed salamander found in Northeast Asia. It ranges through northeastern China, the Russian Far East, and the Korean Peninsula, but is only sporadically distributed within this range...

       (Onychodactylus fischeri)
    • Japanese Clawed Salamander
      Japanese Clawed Salamander
      The Japanese Clawed Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Japan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.-References:...

       (Onychodactylus japonicus)
  • Genus Pachyhynobius (Stout salamanders)
    • Shangcheng stout salamander
      Pachyhynobius shangchengensis
      Pachyhynobius shangchengensis, also known as the Shancheng Stout Salamander, is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Pachyhynobius. It is endemic to China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical...

       (Pachyhynobius shangchengensis)
  • Genus Paradactylodon
    Paradactylodon
    Paradactylodon known as the Mountain salamanders or Middle-Eastern Stream salamanders is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family, endemic to Iran and Afghanistan.It contains the following species:...

    (Middile eastern Stream Salamanders)
    • Gorgan Salamander
      Gorgan Salamander
      The Gorgan Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to Iran.Its natural habitats are freshwater springs, inland karsts, and caves.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Paradactylodon gorganensis)
    • Persian Mountain Salamander (Paradactylodon persicus)
    • Pagham stream salamander
      Pagham stream salamander
      The Paghman stream salamander or the Afghani brook salamander is a salamander endemic to Afghanistan. It inhabits cool highland streams. The total population is estimated to 1,000–2,000 adults. It is only found in an area of 10 km².-References:* Smith, 1940. . . Downloaded on 15 November...

       (Paradactylodon mustersi)
  • Genus Pseudohynobius
    Pseudohynobius
    Pseudohynobius known as the Asian salamanders is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family and is endemic to China.It contains the following species:*Yellow-spotted Salamander...

    • Yellow-spotted Salamander
      Yellow-spotted Salamander
      The Yellow-spotted Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to the Nanchuan, Sichuan, Suiyang, Guizhou, Lichuan, Hubei, Sangzhi and Hunan provinces in China.-Source:...

       (Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus)
    • Jinfo Mountain Salamander
      Jinfo Mountain Salamander
      The Jinfo Mountain Salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are ponds.-Source:...

       (Pseudohynobius jinfo)
    • Kuankuoshui Salamander
      Kuankuoshui Salamander
      The Kuakuoshui salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, streams, and pools.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

       (Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis)
    • Shuicheng Salamander
      Shuicheng Salamander
      The Shuicheng salamander is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats include temperate forests, streams, ponds, and pools.It is threatened by habitat loss....

       (Pseudohynobius shiuchengensis)
  • Genus Ranodon
    Ranodon
    Ranodon is a monotypic genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It currently contains only one species:* Central Asian Salamander Formerly in this genus:* Wushan Salamander - now in Liua...

    (Semirichensk salamanders)
    • Central Asian Salamander
      Central Asian Salamander
      The Central Asian Salamander or Semirechensk Salamander is a species of salamander in the monotypic genus of the Hynobiidae family....

       (Ranodon sibiricus)
  • Genus Salamandrella
    Salamandrella
    The Dybowski's Siberian Salamander group or Salamandrella is a genus of salamander in the Hynobiidae family.It contains the following species:* Siberian Salamander...

    (Siberian Salamanders)
    • Siberian salamander
      Siberian salamander
      The Siberian salamander, Salamandrella keyserlingii, is a species of salamander found in Northeast Asia. It is found primarily in Siberia, in wet woods and riparian groves. There are also outlying populations in northern Kazakhstan and Mongolia, and also in northeastern China and on the Korean...

       (Salamandrella kyserlingii)
    • Primorye Newt
      Primorye Newt
      The Primorye Newt is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. It is endemic to Khabarovsk.-Source:*Sparreboom, Max. . Downloaded 23 January 2010....

       (Salamandrella tridactyla)


Subfamily Protohynobiinae
  • Genus Protohynobius
    • Puxiong salamander
      Protohynobius puxiongensis
      Protohynobius puxiongensis is a species of salamander in the Hynobiidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Protohynobius which is monotypic to the subfamily Protohynobiinae.It is endemic to China....

      ( Protohynobis puxiongensis)

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