Atelopus
Encyclopedia
Atelopus, commonly known as harlequin frogs, is a large genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...

 of true toads from Central
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...

 and South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

, ranging as far north as Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....

 and as far south as Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

. Atelopus are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal
Diurnal animal
Diurnality is a plant or animal behavior characterized by activity during the day and sleeping at night.-In animals:Animals that are not diurnal might be nocturnal or crepuscular . Many animal species are diurnal, including many mammals, insects, reptiles and birds...

. Most species are associated with mid- to high-elevation stream
Stream
A stream is a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Depending on its locale or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to as a branch, brook, beck, burn, creek, "crick", gill , kill, lick, rill, river, syke, bayou, rivulet, streamage, wash, run or...

s. This genus has been greatly affected by amphibian declines
Decline in amphibian populations
Dramatic declines in amphibian populations, including population crashes and mass localized extinctions, have been noted since the 1980s from locations all over the world...

, and many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. The cause of these declines primarily appears to be the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a chytrid fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis. In the decade after it was first discovered in amphibians in 1998, the disease devastated amphibian populations around the world, in a global decline towards multiple extinctions, part of the Holocene...

.

New Atelopus species are discovered with some regularity and many new species have been described
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages...

 in the last decade (see following species table). Among others, a new species, popularly dubbed the purple fluorescent frog, was discovered in 2007 by scientists Paul Ouboter and Jan Mol during a follow-up survey of the Nassau plateau in Suriname
Suriname
Suriname , officially the Republic of Suriname , is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Suriname was a former colony of the British and of the Dutch, and was previously known as...

. Leeanne Alonso from Conservation International
Conservation International
Conservation International is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, which seeks to ensure the health of humanity by protecting Earth's ecosystems and biodiversity. CI’s work focuses on six key initiatives that affect human well-being: climate, food security, freshwater...

, the organisation that led the expedition, says that this frog may be threatened by illegal gold mining
Gold mining
Gold mining is the removal of gold from the ground. There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth.-History:...

.

Species

Common nameBinomial name
Andes Stubfoot Toad Atelopus andinus
Atelopus andinus
Atelopus andinus or Andes Stubfoot Toad is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.-Source:...

Atelopus angelito
Atelopus angelito
Atelopus angelito is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and rivers.-Source:...

Atelopus arsyecue
Atelopus arsyecue
Atelopus arsyecue is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss....

Arthur's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus arthuri
Atelopus arthuri
Atelopus arthuri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss...

Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad Atelopus balios
Atelopus balios
Atelopus balios, also known as the Rio Pescado stubfoot toad is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss...

Azuay Stubfoot Toad Atelopus bomolochos
Atelopus bomolochos
Atelopus bomolochos is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and pastureland....

Boulenger's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus boulengeri
Atelopus boulengeri
Atelopus boulengeri is a small species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to humid montane forest in southern Ecuador. It has not been seen since 1984, but some of the known sites have not been well surveyed, so it may still survive...

Rio Carauta Stubfoot Toad Atelopus carauta
La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad Atelopus carbonerensis
Guajira Stubfoot Toad Atelopus carrikeri
Darien Stubfoot Toad Atelopus certus
Atelopus certus
Atelopus certus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to the Darien Region of Eastern Panama , and its type locality is Cerro Sapo, giving it its common name of the Toad Mountain Harlequin Frog....

Lewis' Stubfoot Toad Atelopus chiriquiensis
Atelopus chiriquiensis
Atelopus chiriquiensis is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Chocó Stubfoot Toad Atelopus chocoensis
Atelopus chocoensis
Atelopus chocoensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus chrysocorallus
Atelopus chrysocorallus
Atelopus chrysocorallus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, and intermittent rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Rio Faisanes Stubfoot Toad Atelopus coynei
Atelopus coynei
Atelopus coynei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Veragua Stubfoot Toad Atelopus cruciger
Atelopus dimorphus
Atelopus dimorphus
Atelopus dimorphus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.-References:* Lötters, S. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007....

Huila Stubfoot Toad Atelopus ebenoides
Atelopus ebenoides
The painted frog , a species of true toad, lives only in Colombia. It consists of two populations: the southern population lives in the southern Colombian Andes in the Cauca and Huila Departments...

Elegant Stubfoot Toad Atelopus elegans
Atelopus epikeisthos
Atelopus epikeisthos
Atelopus epikeisthos is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Peru....

Carabaya Stubfoot Toad Atelopus erythropus
Atelopus erythropus
Atelopus erythropus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.-Source:...

Malvasa Stubfoot Toad Atelopus eusebianus
Atelopus eusebianus
Atelopus eusebianus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus eusebiodiazi
Atelopus eusebiodiazi
Atelopus eusebiodiazi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Peru....

Atelopus exiguus
Atelopus exiguus
Atelopus exiguus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, freshwater lakes, and pastureland.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus famelicus
Atelopus famelicus
Atelopus famelicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Forest Stubfoot Toad Atelopus farci
Atelopus farci
Atelopus farci is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Cayenne Stubfoot Toad Atelopus flavescens
Central Coast Stubfoot Toad Atelopus franciscus
Antado Stubfoot Toad Atelopus galactogaster
Atelopus galactogaster
Atelopus galactogaster is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-Source:* Rueda, J.V., Lötters, S. & Lynch, J. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007....

Pirri Range Stubfoot Toad Atelopus glyphus
Atelopus glyphus
Atelopus glyphus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers. These species are terrestrial, and breeds in forest stream...

Guanujo Stubfoot Toad Atelopus guanujo
La Guitarra Stubfoot Toad Atelopus guitarraensis
Atelopus guitarraensis
Atelopus guitarraensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Morona-Santiago Stubfoot Toad Atelopus halihelos
Atelopus halihelos
Atelopus halihelos is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Quito Stubfoot Toad Atelopus ignescens
Atelopus laetissimus
Atelopus laetissimus
Atelopus laetissimus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Limosa Stubfoot Toad Atelopus limosus
El Tambo Stubfoot Toad Atelopus longibrachius
Atelopus longibrachius
Atelopus longibrachius is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...

Longnose Stubfoot Toad Atelopus longirostris
Atelopus longirostris
Atelopus longirostris, an arlequin frog or jambato, is a member of the family of true toads: Bufonidae. It has been recorded only in northern Ecuador...

Atelopus lozanoi
Atelopus lozanoi
Atelopus lozanoi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Lynch's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus lynchi
Atelopus lynchi
Atelopus lynchi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus mandingues
Atelopus mandingues
Atelopus mandingues is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.-Source:...

Mindo Stubfoot Toad Atelopus mindoensis
Atelopus mindoensis
Atelopus mindoensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss....

Colombian Stubfoot Toad Atelopus minutulus
Atelopus minutulus
Atelopus minutulus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Mittermeier's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus mittermeieri
Atelopus mittermeieri
Atelopus mittermeieri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Colombia....

Hernandez's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus monohernandezii
Mucubaji Stubfoot Toad Atelopus mucubajiensis
La Arboleda Stubfoot Toad Atelopus muisca
Atelopus muisca
Atelopus muisca is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss....

Atelopus nahumae
Atelopus nahumae
Atelopus nahumae is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus nanay
Atelopus nanay
Atelopus nanay is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Gualecenita Stubfoot Toad Atelopus nepiozomus
Atelopus nepiozomus
Atelopus nepiozomus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Niceforo's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus nicefori
Atelopus nicefori
Atelopus nicefori is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus onorei
Atelopus onorei
Atelopus onorei is a small species of bright yellow and green toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. It has not been seen since 1990 and may now be extinct, but it is possible that overlooked populations remain. The reasons for its decline are likely climate changes and the disease...

Rednose Stubfoot Toad Atelopus oxyrhynchus
Schmidt's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus pachydermus
Atelopus pachydermus
Atelopus pachydermus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Ecuador and possibly Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.-Source:...

Andersson's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus palmatus
Atelopus palmatus
Atelopus palmatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Pataz Stubfoot Toad Atelopus patazensis
Atelopus patazensis
Atelopus patazensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Peru....

San Isidro Stubfoot Toad Atelopus pedimarmoratus
Atelopus pedimarmoratus
Atelopus pedimarmoratus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Peru Stubfoot Toad Atelopus peruensis
Atelopus peruensis
Atelopus peruensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and rivers.-Source:...

Peters' Stubfoot Toad Atelopus petersi
Atelopus petersi
Atelopus petersi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers at elevations of 2660–3300 m above sea level....

Atelopus petriruizi
Atelopus petriruizi
Atelopus petriruizi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Painted Stubfoot Toad Atelopus pictiventris
Atelopus pictiventris
Atelopus pictiventris is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, pastureland, heavily degraded former forest, and .-Source:...

Pinango Stubfoot Toad Atelopus pinangoi
Napo Stubfoot Toad Atelopus planispina
Atelopus planispina
Atelopus planispina is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus pulcher
Atelopus pulcher
Atelopus pulcher is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus pyrodactylus
Atelopus pyrodactylus
Atelopus pyrodactylus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to Peru....

Atelopus quimbaya
Atelopus quimbaya
Atelopus quimbaya is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.-Source:...

Atelopus reticulatus
Atelopus reticulatus
Atelopus reticulatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Anori Stubfoot Toad Atelopus sanjosei
Atelopus sanjosei
Atelopus sanjosei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Upper Amazon Stubfoot Toad Atelopus seminiferus
Atelopus seminiferus
Atelopus seminiferus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.-Source:...

Pass Stubfoot Toad Atelopus senex
Atelopus senex
Atelopus senex is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.-Source:...

Atelopus sernai
Atelopus sernai
Atelopus sernai is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to the northern Andes of Colombia.Its natural habitats include subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers....

Atelopus simulatus
Atelopus simulatus
Atelopus simulatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Atelopus siranus
Atelopus siranus
Atelopus siranus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.-Source:...

Sonsón Stubfoot Toad Atelopus sonsonensis
Atelopus sonsonensis
Atelopus sonsonensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Cloud Forest Stubfoot Toad Atelopus sorianoi
Pebas Stubfoot Toad Atelopus spumarius
Atelopus spumarius
The Pebas stubfoot toad is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname....

Condoto Stubfoot Toad Atelopus spurrelli
Atelopus spurrelli
Atelopus spurrelli is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...

Bogota Stubfoot Toad Atelopus subornatus
Atelopus subornatus
Atelopus subornatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Venezuela Stubfoot Toad Atelopus tamaensis
Three-colored Stubfoot Toad Atelopus tricolor
Veragoa Stubfoot Toad Atelopus varius
Atelopus varius
The Costa Rican Variable Harlequin Toad , also known as the clown frog, is a neo-tropical true toad from the family Bufonidae . Once ranging from Costa Rica to Panama, A...

Atelopus vogli
Atelopus vogli
Atelopus vogli was a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It was endemic to Venezuela.It bred in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It has not been seen since 1933 and is considered to be extinct due to habitat loss.-Source:...

Walker's Stubfoot Toad Atelopus walkeri
Atelopus walkeri
Atelopus walkeri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

Golden Arrow Poison Frog Atelopus zeteki

See also

External links

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