Augusto Pestana (1868-1934)
Encyclopedia
Augusto Pestana was a Brazil
ian engineer
and politician
. Born in Rio de Janeiro
, Pestana moved in the late 1880s to Rio Grande do Sul
, Brazil's southernmost state, where he would become a specialist in railroad engineering and public administration, as well as one of the main leaders of the Riograndense Republican Party (PRR).
, then capital of the Empire of Brazil, to Manuel José Pestana, a civil servant of the Brazilian Imperial Household and to Januária de Abreu Pestana, daughter of a customs officer. Both his parents were of Portuguese
heritage and belonged to middle class families established in Rio de Janeiro at the time of the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
in 1808.
In spite of his conservative and devout Catholic
upbringing, the young Pestana was an avid reader of the French philosopher Auguste Comte
and joined, much to the chagrin of his father, the Brazilian republican
and positivist movement, which would contribute to overthrow the monarchy in 1889.
Manuel José Pestana died on August 28, 1883, leaving the fifteen-year-old Augusto Pestana to care for his mother and his four younger sisters. The Brazilian Imperial House wanted to help the family and offered Pestana a scolarship at the Pedro II School and at a university of his choice. He politely refused the offer and explained to Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
that, as a Republican, "one could not accept any favors from the Crown". Pestana would instead teach Portuguese
, History
, Geography
and Mathematics
to fund his own studies at the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's oldest Engineering school, from which he would earn a degree of civil engineer at age 20, the youngest in his class.
in order to work as an engineer of the State commission responsible for the Porto Alegre
-Uruguaiana
railway connection. The job would acquaint him with the peculiar politics of Rio Grande do Sul
within the newly founded Brazilian Republic, uniquely fashioned by the Comte
-inspired dictatorship of Governor Júlio de Castilhos
. Pestana would also witness the Riograndense civil war of 1893-1895, one of the bloodiest conflicts in Brazilian history. Castilhos appointed him Director for State waterways in 1897 and for telegraphy lines in 1898.
, created in 1890. The settlement was facing then a severe crisis caused by bad management and by quarrels among the more than ten ethnic groups present in the region. Upon his arrival in early 1899, Pestana gathered the leaders of all immigrant communities in a place currently known as Union Hill (Alto da União) and managed to pacify them. He rationalized the policy of rural settlements, favoring families with previous experience in agriculture
, and attached priority to investments in education and infrastructure, helping to diversify the economy of Ijuí
'.
During Pestana's thirteen-year tenure, the population of Ijuí
rose from six thousand to 28 thousand inhabitants. His administration built approximately 200 miles of roads and bridges over all rivers crossing the settlement. 16 public schools and 16 private ones were opened, catering for two thousand pupils. Thanks to the environment created by Pestana, the settlement, nearly moribund in 1899, boasted in 1912 more than 100 food factories, 70 shops, 32 grist mills, 42 sugar mills, a typography and four hotels. Half of the local production (especially timber, furniture, tobacco, corn and lard) was exported to other areas of Brazil.
The steep demographic and economic growth of the settlement allowed Ijuí
to gain political autonomy in 1912. Pestana was the first Mayor of the new municipality, one of the best examples of racial and cultural integration in Southern Brazil.
Western Railway Company (Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas), Pestana was elected in 1915 and 1918 to the National Congress of Brazil
, representing the RIograndense Republican Party. As a congressman, he advocated new investments in rail transport
and criticized the lack of an adequate regulatory framework. In 1920, in a joint effort with the Federal Government, he assured the nationalization of the Belgium
-based Compagnie Auxiliaire de Chemins de Fer au Brésil, owned by Percival Farquhar and concessionary of the Riograndense railways since 1905. The Auxiliaire was transformed into the Railway Company of Rio Grande do Sul (VFRGS or Viação Férrea do Rio Grande do Sul), entirely owned by the State Government.
CEO of VFRGS from 1920 to 1924 and State Secretary for Transport and Public Works from 1926 to 1928, Pestana improved the performance of rail transport in Rio Grande do Sul. Notwithstanding another civil war (the "1923 Revolution"), the number of passengers transported by VFRGS rose from 1.1 million in 1920 to 2 million in 1928, while the freight number rose from 640 thousand metric tons to 1 million metric tons in that same period. Pestana forged an efficient management model for VFRGS that lasted until the acquisition of the company by the Brazilian Federal Railway System (Rede Ferroviária Federal) in 1959 and the final demise of passenger rail transport in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s.
Elected once again to the National Congress of Brazil
on April 28, 1928, Pestana did not engage in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930
in spite of his friendship and political comradeship with President Getúlio Vargas
. His last public task was the modernisation of the Porto Alegre
harbor in 1932. Pestana died in Rio de Janeiro
on May 29, 1934, after a cancer surgery.
, Pestana was a typical member of the generation that defined the Brazilian Republic of 1889-1930. He provided a decisive contribution to the development of Ijuí
and Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul
, stressing the importance of robust public policies on infrastructure and education. His name is associated with good governance and honesty, but also with the autocratic rule that characterized Rio Grande do Sul
during the governments of Júlio de Castilhos and Borges de Medeiros.
The city of Augusto Pestana
, a former district of Ijuí
, is named after him, as well as the main museum of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul
(Museu Antropológico Diretor Pestana) and several streets and railway stations throughout Rio Grande do Sul
.
Pestana married on May 24, 1892 Virgínia da Fontoura Trindade, granddaughter of Antônio Vicente da Fontoura
, one of the main leaders of the Riograndense Republic, Special Envoy to the Imperial Court of Rio de Janeiro
in 1844 and chief negotiator of the 1845 Peace Treaty of Ponche Verde. They had ten children, all born and raised in Rio Grande do Sul
, including Clóvis Pestana, former Brazilian Minister of Transport and Mayor of Porto Alegre
, and Cyro Pestana
, Justice of the State Supreme Court. Augusto Pestana is great-grandfather to the Brazilian socialist leader Vera Sílvia Magalhães, one of the main figures of the armed resistance against the military dictatorship of 1964-1985, and to Carlos Pestana Neto, current Minister-Chief of Staff of the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul
.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian engineer
Engineer
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality,...
and politician
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
. Born in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
, Pestana moved in the late 1880s to Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
, Brazil's southernmost state, where he would become a specialist in railroad engineering and public administration, as well as one of the main leaders of the Riograndense Republican Party (PRR).
Background
Augusto Pestana was born on May 22, 1868 in Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
, then capital of the Empire of Brazil, to Manuel José Pestana, a civil servant of the Brazilian Imperial Household and to Januária de Abreu Pestana, daughter of a customs officer. Both his parents were of Portuguese
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
heritage and belonged to middle class families established in Rio de Janeiro at the time of the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
The Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil was an episode in the history of Portugal and the history of Brazil in which the Portuguese royal family and its court escaped from Lisbon on November 29, 1807 to Brazil, just days before Napoleonic forces captured the city on December 1...
in 1808.
In spite of his conservative and devout Catholic
Catholic
The word catholic comes from the Greek phrase , meaning "on the whole," "according to the whole" or "in general", and is a combination of the Greek words meaning "about" and meaning "whole"...
upbringing, the young Pestana was an avid reader of the French philosopher Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
and joined, much to the chagrin of his father, the Brazilian republican
Republicanism
Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, where the head of state is appointed by means other than heredity, often elections. The exact meaning of republicanism varies depending on the cultural and historical context...
and positivist movement, which would contribute to overthrow the monarchy in 1889.
Manuel José Pestana died on August 28, 1883, leaving the fifteen-year-old Augusto Pestana to care for his mother and his four younger sisters. The Brazilian Imperial House wanted to help the family and offered Pestana a scolarship at the Pedro II School and at a university of his choice. He politely refused the offer and explained to Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
Dona Isabel , nicknamed "the Redemptress", was the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Empire of Brazil, bearing the title of Princess Imperial....
that, as a Republican, "one could not accept any favors from the Crown". Pestana would instead teach Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
, History
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
, Geography
Geography
Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes...
and Mathematics
Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
to fund his own studies at the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's oldest Engineering school, from which he would earn a degree of civil engineer at age 20, the youngest in his class.
Early career in Rio Grande do Sul (1888-99)
A few months after graduation, Pestana accepted an invitation to move to Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
in order to work as an engineer of the State commission responsible for the Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre is the tenth most populous municipality in Brazil, with 1,409,939 inhabitants, and the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area . It is also the capital city of the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian...
-Uruguaiana
Uruguaiana
Uruguaiana is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is located on the left-hand shore of the Uruguay River that forms the border with Argentina. Opposite Uruguaiana, and joined to it by a road/railway bridge, lies the Argentine city of Paso de los Libres, Corrientes...
railway connection. The job would acquaint him with the peculiar politics of Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
within the newly founded Brazilian Republic, uniquely fashioned by the Comte
Auguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
-inspired dictatorship of Governor Júlio de Castilhos
Júlio Prates de Castilhos
Júlio Prates de Castilhos was a Brazilian journalist and politician.He was twice the govenor of Rio Grande do Sul and was the principal author of the State Constitution of 1891 and a model for many future politicians of the region. He disseminated positivist ideas in Brazil.The town of Júlio de...
. Pestana would also witness the Riograndense civil war of 1893-1895, one of the bloodiest conflicts in Brazilian history. Castilhos appointed him Director for State waterways in 1897 and for telegraphy lines in 1898.
Director and Mayor of Ijuí (1899-1912)
In December 1898, Pestana was appointed by the State government as Director of the settlement (colônia) of IjuíIjuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
, created in 1890. The settlement was facing then a severe crisis caused by bad management and by quarrels among the more than ten ethnic groups present in the region. Upon his arrival in early 1899, Pestana gathered the leaders of all immigrant communities in a place currently known as Union Hill (Alto da União) and managed to pacify them. He rationalized the policy of rural settlements, favoring families with previous experience in agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
, and attached priority to investments in education and infrastructure, helping to diversify the economy of Ijuí
Ijuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
'.
During Pestana's thirteen-year tenure, the population of Ijuí
Ijuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
rose from six thousand to 28 thousand inhabitants. His administration built approximately 200 miles of roads and bridges over all rivers crossing the settlement. 16 public schools and 16 private ones were opened, catering for two thousand pupils. Thanks to the environment created by Pestana, the settlement, nearly moribund in 1899, boasted in 1912 more than 100 food factories, 70 shops, 32 grist mills, 42 sugar mills, a typography and four hotels. Half of the local production (especially timber, furniture, tobacco, corn and lard) was exported to other areas of Brazil.
The steep demographic and economic growth of the settlement allowed Ijuí
Ijuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
to gain political autonomy in 1912. Pestana was the first Mayor of the new municipality, one of the best examples of racial and cultural integration in Southern Brazil.
Congressman, founder of the Railway Company of Rio Grande do Sul and State Secretary (1915-30)
After a brief period as Director of the Minas GeraisMinas Gerais
Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, of which it is the second most populous, the third richest, and the fourth largest in area. Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state with the largest number of Presidents of Brazil, the current one, Dilma Rousseff, being one of them. The capital is the...
Western Railway Company (Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas), Pestana was elected in 1915 and 1918 to the National Congress of Brazil
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, representing the RIograndense Republican Party. As a congressman, he advocated new investments in rail transport
Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles merely run on a prepared surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks they run on...
and criticized the lack of an adequate regulatory framework. In 1920, in a joint effort with the Federal Government, he assured the nationalization of the Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
-based Compagnie Auxiliaire de Chemins de Fer au Brésil, owned by Percival Farquhar and concessionary of the Riograndense railways since 1905. The Auxiliaire was transformed into the Railway Company of Rio Grande do Sul (VFRGS or Viação Férrea do Rio Grande do Sul), entirely owned by the State Government.
CEO of VFRGS from 1920 to 1924 and State Secretary for Transport and Public Works from 1926 to 1928, Pestana improved the performance of rail transport in Rio Grande do Sul. Notwithstanding another civil war (the "1923 Revolution"), the number of passengers transported by VFRGS rose from 1.1 million in 1920 to 2 million in 1928, while the freight number rose from 640 thousand metric tons to 1 million metric tons in that same period. Pestana forged an efficient management model for VFRGS that lasted until the acquisition of the company by the Brazilian Federal Railway System (Rede Ferroviária Federal) in 1959 and the final demise of passenger rail transport in Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s.
Elected once again to the National Congress of Brazil
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
on April 28, 1928, Pestana did not engage in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930
Brazilian Revolution of 1930
The Revolution of 1930 was a movement that overthrew President Washington Luís and installed Getúlio Vargas as Provisional President.-See also:*Revolutions of Brazil*History of Brazil...
in spite of his friendship and political comradeship with President Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history to Emperor Pedro II...
. His last public task was the modernisation of the Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre is the tenth most populous municipality in Brazil, with 1,409,939 inhabitants, and the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area . It is also the capital city of the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian...
harbor in 1932. Pestana died in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
on May 29, 1934, after a cancer surgery.
Legacy and family
Deeply influenced by the work of ComteAuguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte , better known as Auguste Comte , was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism...
, Pestana was a typical member of the generation that defined the Brazilian Republic of 1889-1930. He provided a decisive contribution to the development of Ijuí
Ijuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
and Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
, stressing the importance of robust public policies on infrastructure and education. His name is associated with good governance and honesty, but also with the autocratic rule that characterized Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
during the governments of Júlio de Castilhos and Borges de Medeiros.
The city of Augusto Pestana
Augusto Pestana
Augusto Pestana is a Brazilian city in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. It is located at latitude 28º31'01" South and longitude 53º59'32" West. It is located 411 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete and east of Argentina....
, a former district of Ijuí
Ijuí
Ijuí is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.With 79,412 inhabitants.- Famous natives :Ijuí is where the Brazilian national soccer team ex-coach, Dunga, was born.-See also:*List of municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul...
, is named after him, as well as the main museum of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
(Museu Antropológico Diretor Pestana) and several streets and railway stations throughout Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
.
Pestana married on May 24, 1892 Virgínia da Fontoura Trindade, granddaughter of Antônio Vicente da Fontoura
Antônio Vicente da Fontoura
Antônio Vicente da Fontoura was a Brazilian statesman. He was one of the main leaders of the Riograndense Republic during the War of the Farrapos and the chief-negotiator of the Peace Agreement with the Empire of Brazil.- Background :Fontoura was born on June 16, 1807 in the city of Rio Pardo to...
, one of the main leaders of the Riograndense Republic, Special Envoy to the Imperial Court of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
in 1844 and chief negotiator of the 1845 Peace Treaty of Ponche Verde. They had ten children, all born and raised in Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
, including Clóvis Pestana, former Brazilian Minister of Transport and Mayor of Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre is the tenth most populous municipality in Brazil, with 1,409,939 inhabitants, and the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area . It is also the capital city of the southernmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is the southernmost capital city of a Brazilian...
, and Cyro Pestana
Cyro Pestana
Cyro Pestana was a Brazilian jurist and magistrate.Son of the Brazilian republican leader Augusto Pestana, he graduated in 1919 from the National Law School of Rio de Janeiro. Pestana began his career as a judge in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in the early 1920s...
, Justice of the State Supreme Court. Augusto Pestana is great-grandfather to the Brazilian socialist leader Vera Sílvia Magalhães, one of the main figures of the armed resistance against the military dictatorship of 1964-1985, and to Carlos Pestana Neto, current Minister-Chief of Staff of the State Government of Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
.
External links
- http://www.pmaugustopestana.com.br Municipalilty of Augusto Pestana (in Portuguese only)
- http://www.unijui.edu.br/content/category/36/358/3277/lang,iso-8859-1/ Director Pestana Anthropological Museum (in Portuguese only)
- http://www.ceap.g12.br/site/ Augusto Pestana School (in Portuguese only)
- http://pestanabrasil.blogspot.com Family origins of Augusto Pestana (in Portuguese only)