Autoantibody
Encyclopedia
An autoantibody is an antibody
(a type of protein
) manufactured by the immune system
that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. It is derived from the Greek "auto" which means "self", "anti" which means "against" and "body". Many autoimmune disease
s, notably lupus erythematosus
, are caused by such autoantibodies.
. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods.
Sometimes, however, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "self," leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. These autoantibodies attack the body's own healthy cells, tissues, and/or organs, causing inflammation and damage. It should be noted that autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research.
While families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age.
and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
, are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include: arthritis
-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include vasculitis
which are inflammation of blood vessels and anemia. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis.
The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on your signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. These studies include:
As a rule, information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies.
, such as a rheumatoid factor (RF), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels.
A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as SLE may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as MCTD (mixed connective tissue disease
) may be more likely if a single autoantibody, RNP - ribonucleic protein is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies.
Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand anti-DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25-30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop.
Systemic autoantibody tests are used to:
technology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A
unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA) is found
in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies
are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using
inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours.
Antibody
An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen...
(a type of protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
) manufactured by the immune system
Immune system
An immune system is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own...
that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. It is derived from the Greek "auto" which means "self", "anti" which means "against" and "body". Many autoimmune disease
Autoimmune disease
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to...
s, notably lupus erythematosus
Lupus erythematosus
Lupus erythematosus is a category for a collection of diseases with similar underlying problems with immunity . Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs...
, are caused by such autoantibodies.
Production
Antibodies are produced in a process of evolution that is still a subject of scientific research. Briefly, antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called clonal deletionClonal deletion
Clonal deletion is a process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated after they have expressed receptors for self-antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes.It is one method of immune tolerance....
. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods.
Sometimes, however, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "self," leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. These autoantibodies attack the body's own healthy cells, tissues, and/or organs, causing inflammation and damage. It should be noted that autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research.
Cause
The causes of autoantibody production are varied and not well understood. It is thought that some autoantibody production is due to a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental trigger, such as a viral illness or a prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. There is generally not a direct genetic link however.While families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age.
Diseases
The type of autoimmune disorder or disease that occurs and the amount of destruction done to the body depends on which systems or organs are targeted by the autoantibodies, and how strongly. Disorders caused by organ specific autoantibodies, those that primarily target a single organ, such as the thyroid in Graves' diseaseGraves' disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones...
and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. It was the first disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease...
, are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include: arthritis
Arthritis
Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints....
-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include vasculitis
Vasculitis
Vasculitis refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by inflammatory destruction of blood vessels. Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis is sometimes considered a type of vasculitis...
which are inflammation of blood vessels and anemia. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis.
The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on your signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. These studies include:
- blood tests to detect inflammation, autoantibodies, and organ involvement
- x-rays and other imaging scans to detect changes in bones, joints, and organs
- biopsies to look for pathologic changes in tissue specimens
As a rule, information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies.
Indications for autoantibody tests
Autoantibody tests may be ordered as part of an investigation of chronic progressive arthritis type symptoms and/or unexplained fevers, fatigue, muscle weakness and rashes. The Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process – it is positive with a variety of different autoimmune diseases but not specific. Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and inflammationInflammation
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...
, such as a rheumatoid factor (RF), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels.
A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as SLE may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as MCTD (mixed connective tissue disease
Mixed connective tissue disease
In medicine, mixed connective tissue disease , commonly abbreviated as MCTD, is an autoimmune disease, in which the body's defense system attacks itself. It was characterized in 1972....
) may be more likely if a single autoantibody, RNP - ribonucleic protein is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies.
Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand anti-DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25-30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop.
Systemic autoantibody tests are used to:
- Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders.
- Help determine the degree of organ or system involvement and damage (Along with other tests such as a complete blood countComplete blood countA complete blood count , also known as full blood count or full blood exam or blood panel, is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood...
or comprehensive Metabolic PanelComprehensive metabolic panelThe comprehensive metabolic panel, or chemical screen, is a panel of 14 blood tests which serves as an initial broad screening tool for physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants...
) - Monitor the course of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatments. There is no prevention or cure for autoimmune disorders at this time. Treatment is used to alleviate symptoms and to help maintain body function.
- Monitor remissions, flares, and relapses
Antibody Profiling
Antibody Profiling is used for identifying persons from forensic samples. Thetechnology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A
unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA) is found
in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies
are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using
inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours.
List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases
Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases.| Autoantibody | vs. | Condition >- |rowspan=12| Antinuclear antibodies | Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies Anti-SSA autoantibodies are anti-nuclear autoantibodies that are associated with among many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus , SS/SLE overlap syndrome, subacute cutaneous LE , neonatal lupus and primary biliary cirrhosis... |
ribonucleoprotein Ribonucleoprotein Ribonucleoprotein is a nucleoprotein that contains RNA, i.e. it is an association that combines ribonucleic acid and protein together. A few known examples include the ribosome, the enzyme telomerase, vault ribonucleoproteins, and small nuclear RNPs , which are implicated in pre-mRNA splicing and... s |
systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage... , neonatal heart block, primary Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.... >- | Anti-La/SS-B autoantibodies |
Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.... >- | Anti-centromere antibodies Anti-centromere antibodies Anti-centromere antibodies occur in auto immune disorders; frequently in limited systemic scleroderma, , and, occasionally are found in the diffuse form of scleroderma... |
centromere Centromere A centromere is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come closest in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle attachment... |
CREST syndrome CREST syndrome The limited cutaneous form of systemic scleroderma is often referred to as CREST syndrome. "CREST" is an acronym for the five main features:* Calcinosis* Raynaud's syndrome* Esophageal dysmotility* Sclerodactyly* Telangiectasia... >- | Anti-neuronal nuclear antibody-2 |
Ri Rí Rí, or very commonly ríg , is an ancient Gaelic word meaning "King". It is used in historical texts referring to the Irish and Scottish kings and those of similar rank. While the modern Irish word is exactly the same, in modern Scottish it is Rìgh, apparently derived from the genitive. The word... |
opsoclonus Opsoclonus Opsoclonus refers to uncontrolled eye movement. Opsoclonus consists of rapid, involuntary, multivectorial , unpredictable, conjugate fast eye movements without intersaccadic intervals. It is also referred to as saccadomania or reflexive saccade... >- | Anti-dsDNA |
double-stranded DNA | SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage... >- | Anti-Jo1 |
histidine-tRNA ligase | inflammatory myopathy Inflammatory myopathy Inflammatory myopathy is a form of myopathy that involves inflammation of the muscle.Inflammatory myopathy is generally synonymous to the term dermatopolymyositis, which, according to ICD-10 encompasses three related diseases: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion-body... >- | Anti-Smith |
snRNP core proteins | SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage... >- | Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-topoisomerase antibodies are autoantibodies directed against topoisomerase and found in several diseases, most importantly scleroderma. Diseases with ATA are autoimmune disease because they react with self-proteins... |
Type I topoisomerase Type I topoisomerase Type I topoisomerases cut one strand of double-stranded DNA, relax the strand, and reanneal the strands. They are further subdivided into two structurally and mechanistically distinct topoisomerases: type IA and type IB.... |
>- | histone Histone In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation... s |
SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage... and Drug-induced LE Drug-induced lupus erythematosus Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder caused by chronic use of certain drugs. These drugs cause an autoimmune response producing symptoms similar to those of SLE... >- | Anti-p62 antibodies Anti-p62 antibodies Anti-p62 antibodies are found in a primary biliary cirrhosis. p62 is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease. The autoantigen is the nucleoporin 62kDA protein.... |
nucleoporin 62 Nucleoporin 62 Nucleoporin p62 is a protein complex associated with the nuclear envelope. The p62 protein remains associated with the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. p62 is synthesized as a soluble cytoplasmic precursor of 61 kDa followed by modification that involve addition of N-acetylglucosamine residues... |
primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis, often abbreviated PBC, is an autoimmune disease of the liver marked by the slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts within the liver. When these ducts are damaged, bile builds up in the liver and over time damages the tissue. This can lead to scarring,... |- | Anti-sp100 antibodies Anti-sp100 antibodies Anti-sp100 antibodies are found in association with primary biliary cirrhosis. The autoimmune target of anti-sp100 is the sp100 nuclear antigen which was identified by its association with primary biliary cirrhosis... |
Sp100 nuclear antigen Sp100 nuclear antigen Sp100 nuclear antigen is an interferon stimulated antigen found in the bile duct of primary biliary cirrhosis. Histologically sp100 'dots' regions of the cell nucleus. Viral infection and mitogens affect the expression of the Sp100 autoantigen... >- | Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies are directed at gp210 and are found within primary biliary cirrhosis patients in high frequency. AGPA recognize the cytoplasmic oriented carboxyl terminus of the protein... |
nucleoporin 210kDa Nucleoporin 210kDa Nuclear pore glycoprotein-210 is an essential trafficking regulator in the eukaryotic nuclear pore complex. Gp-210 anchors the pore complex to the nuclear membrane... >- |rowspan=2| Anti-transglutaminase antibodies Anti-transglutaminase antibodies Anti-transglutaminase antibodies are autoantibodies against the transglutaminase protein. Antibodies serve an important role in the immune system by detecting cells and substances that the rest of the immune system then eliminates. These cells and substance can be foreign and also can be producd... |
Anti-tTG | coeliac disease Coeliac disease Coeliac disease , is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward... >- | Anti-eTG |
dermatitis herpetiformis Dermatitis herpetiformis Dermatitis herpetiformis , or Duhring's disease,Freedberg, et al. . Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. . McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0. is a chronic blistering skin condition, characterised by blisters filled with a watery fluid... >- |rowspan=3 colspan=2| Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells... |
ganglioside Ganglioside Ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain. The 60+ known gangliosides differ mainly in the position and number of NANA residues.It is a component of the cell plasma membrane that modulates cell signal transduction events... GQ1B |
>- | acute motor axonal neuropathy Acute motor axonal neuropathy Acute motor axonal neuropathy is a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. It is characterized by acute paralysis and loss of reflexes without sensory loss... (AMAN) >- | ganglioside Ganglioside Ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain. The 60+ known gangliosides differ mainly in the position and number of NANA residues.It is a component of the cell plasma membrane that modulates cell signal transduction events... GM1 |
>- | actin Actin Actin is a globular, roughly 42-kDa moonlighting protein found in all eukaryotic cells where it may be present at concentrations of over 100 μM. It is also one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans... |
coeliac disease Coeliac disease Coeliac disease , is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed people of all ages from middle infancy onward... anti-actin Actin Actin is a globular, roughly 42-kDa moonlighting protein found in all eukaryotic cells where it may be present at concentrations of over 100 μM. It is also one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans... antibodies correlated with the level of intestinal damage >- |colspan=2| Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody is an autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis.... |
autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune Hepatitis is a disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks cells of the liver. Anomalous presentation of human leukocyte antigen class II on the surface of hepatocytes, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection, causes a cell-mediated... . >- | Lupus anticoagulant Lupus anticoagulant Lupus anticoagulant is an immunoglobulin that binds to phospholipids and proteins associated with the cell membrane. It is important to note that this disease name is actually a misnomer... |
Anti-thrombin antibodies Anti-thrombin antibodies Anti-thrombin antibodies are autoantibodies directed against thrombin that may constitute a fraction of lupus anticoagulant and are seen an increased levels in systemic lupus erythematosus.... |
thrombin Thrombin Thrombin is a "trypsin-like" serine protease protein that in humans is encoded by the F2 gene. Prothrombin is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the first step of the coagulation cascade, which ultimately results in the stemming of blood loss... |
systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus , often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage... >- |colspan=2| |
phospholipid Phospholipid Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from... |
antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome , often also Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antibodies against cell-membrane phospholipids that provokes blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as... >- |rowspan=2| Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes... |
c-ANCA C-ANCA c-ANCAs, or Cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, are a type of autoantibody, an antibody produced by the body that acts against one of its own proteins. These antibodies show a diffusely granular, cytoplasmic staining pattern under microscopy... |
proteins in neutrophil cytoplasm Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm... |
Wegener's granulomatosis Wegener's granulomatosis Wegener's granulomatosis , more recently granulomatosis with polyangiitis , is an incurable form of vasculitis that affects the nose, lungs, kidneys and other organs. Due to its end-organ damage, it is life-threatening and requires long-term immunosuppression... >- | p-ANCA P-ANCA p-ANCA, or Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, show a perinuclear staining pattern.This pattern occurs because the vast majority of the antigens targeted by ANCAs are highly cationic at pH 7.00. During ethanol fixation, antigens which are more cationic migrate and localize around... |
neutrophil perinuclear | microscopic polyangiitis Microscopic polyangiitis Microscopic polyangiitis is an ill-defined autoimmune disease characterized by pauci-immune, necrotizing, small-vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation.-Presentation:Because many different organ systems may be involved, a wide range of... , Churg-Strauss syndrome Churg-Strauss syndrome Churg–Strauss syndrome is a medium and small vessel autoimmune vasculitis, leading to necrosis. It involves mainly the blood vessels of the lungs , gastrointestinal system, and peripheral nerves, but also affects the heart, skin and kidneys. It is a rare disease that is non-inheritable and... , systemic vasculitides (non-specific) >- |colspan=2| Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process... |
IgG | Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks synovial joints. The process produces an inflammatory response of the synovium secondary to hyperplasia of synovial cells, excess synovial fluid, and the development... >- |colspan=2| Anti-smooth muscle antibody Anti-smooth muscle antibody Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are antibodies formed against smooth muscle. These antibodies are typically associated with autoimmune hepatitis.These antibodies can be directed against actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.... |
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. It is divided into two sub-groups; the single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle. Within single-unit smooth muscle tissues, the autonomic nervous system innervates a single cell within a sheet or bundle and the action potential is propagated by... |
>- | mitochondria | primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis, often abbreviated PBC, is an autoimmune disease of the liver marked by the slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts within the liver. When these ducts are damaged, bile builds up in the liver and over time damages the tissue. This can lead to scarring,... >- |colspan=2| Anti-SRP |
signal recognition particle Signal recognition particle The signal recognition particle is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.... |
polymyositis Polymyositis Polymyositis is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis.-Signs and symptoms:... >- |colspan=2| |
exosome complex Exosome complex The exosome complex is a multi-protein complex capable of degrading various types of RNA molecules... |
scleromyositis Scleromyositis Scleromyositis or the PM/Scl overlap syndrome is a complex autoimmune disease . Patients with scleromyositis have symptoms of both systemic scleroderma and either polymyositis or dermatomyositis, and is therefore considered an overlap syndrome... >- |colspan=2| |
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction... |
myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability... >- |colspan=2| |
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) | myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability... >- |colspan=2| Anti-VGCC |
voltage-gated calcium channel (P/Q-type) | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterised by muscle weakness of the limbs... >- |colspan=2| |
thyroid peroxidase Thyroid peroxidase Thyroid peroxidase or thyroperoxidase is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine or triiodothyronine , thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO... (microsomal) |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes. It was the first disease to be recognized as an autoimmune disease... >- |colspan=2| |
TSH receptor | Graves' disease Graves' disease Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones... >- |colspan=2| |
Hu Hu - People :* Hu , a Chinese family name represented by the character 胡** Hu Jintao , current General Secretary of the CPC and President of the PRC... |
>- | Yo (cerebellar Purkinje Purkinje Purkinje is a name attributed to several biological features, so named for their discovery by Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně:*Purkinje cells, located in the cerebellum*Purkinje fibers, located in the heart*The visual Purkinje effect... Cells) |
>- | amphiphysin Amphiphysin Amphiphysin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMPH gene.Amphiphysin is a brain-enriched protein with an N-terminal lipid interaction, dimerisation and membrane bending BAR domain, a middle clathrin and adaptor binding domain and a C-terminal SH3 domain... |
Stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive rigidity and stiffness, primarily of the axial musculature, that is superimposed by spasms, resulting in postural deformities... , paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome >- |colspan=2| Anti-VGKC |
voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential. During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state.... (VGKC) |
limbic encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Limbic encephalitis is a form of encephalitis.In a small number of cases, the pathogens responsible for encephalitis attack primarily the limbic system , often causing memory deficits similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Limbic encephalitis is a form of... , Isaac's Syndrome (autoimmune neuromyotonia Neuromyotonia Neuromyotonia , also known as Isaacs' syndrome, is a form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability that causes spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials of peripheral origin.-Causes:... ) >- |colspan=2| |
basal ganglia Basal ganglia The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei of varied origin in the brains of vertebrates that act as a cohesive functional unit. They are situated at the base of the forebrain and are strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other brain areas... neurons |
Sydenham's chorea Sydenham's chorea Sydenham's chorea or chorea minor is a disease characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements affecting primarily the face, feet and hands. Sydenham's chorea results from childhood infection with Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci and is reported to occur in 20-30% of patients with... , paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) >- |colspan=2| |
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) | encephalitis Encephalitis Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue... >- |colspan=2| |
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) | diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose... , stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive rigidity and stiffness, primarily of the axial musculature, that is superimposed by spasms, resulting in postural deformities... >- |colspan=2| |
aquaporin Aquaporin Aquaporins are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water.Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells.... -4 |
neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) |
See also
- Anti-glutamate receptor antibodiesAnti-glutamate receptor antibodiesAnti-glutamate receptor antibodies are autoantibodies detected in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples of a variety of disorders such as encephalitis, epilepsy and ataxia...
- Reference ranges for blood tests#Autoantibodies
External links
- Autoimmunity – an Introduction Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
- Autoimmune Diagnostics Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
- Detection of autoantibodies with self-assembling radiolabeled antigen tetramers (a protocol)
- Antibody Sensors