Bahri dynasty
Encyclopedia
The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks (al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية) was a Mamluk
dynasty
of mostly Kipchak
Turkic
origin that ruled Egypt
from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty
, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo
at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
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The Mamluk
s formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub
died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir Turanshah
, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the Atabeg
(commander in chief) Emir
Aybak
and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257. The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were helped by the Mongols
' sack of Baghdad
in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo
became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.
The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the Turkic
steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication of the Egyptians and Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut
in modern-day Israel
and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq
. The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin
. Baibars
, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz
on the way home.
In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Al Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France
, who was later definitely defeated, captured in Fariskur and ransomed. Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt
. In 1261 , after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo
, and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291. Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars. He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan
and sent the Abbasid
Caliph with only 250 men to attempted to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch
from the Crusaders. In addition, he fought the Seljuks, and Hashshashin
; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia
for the first time, before his death in 1277.
Sultan Qalawun
defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280, and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs
. After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli
from the Crusaders in 1289. His son Khalil
captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291.
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299, but were again defeated in 1303. The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde
who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322.
Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad
married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgaria
n, India
n, and Abyssinian
potentates, as well as the pope
, the king of Aragon and the king of France. Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria
with the Nile
. He died in 1341.
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349, during Al-Nasir Muhammad first reign, Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death
, which is said to have carried off many lives of the inhabitants.
In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan Hajji II
was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty
.
1.Mamluks : the core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks ( Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local Amirs).
2.Al-Halqa : the primarily free born professional forces, they are also directly under the sultan's command.
3.Wafidiyya
: These are Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service, they are well regarded forces.
4.Other levies : Primarily Bedouin
tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of Turkomans
and other settled Arabs.
Mamluk
A Mamluk was a soldier of slave origin, who were predominantly Cumans/Kipchaks The "mamluk phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior...
dynasty
Dynasty
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family. Historians traditionally consider many sovereign states' history within a framework of successive dynasties, e.g., China, Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire...
of mostly Kipchak
Kipchaks
Kipchaks were a Turkic tribal confederation...
Turkic
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
origin that ruled Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty
Burji dynasty
The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have...
, another group of Mamluks. Their name means 'of the sea', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile (Bahr al-Nil) in Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Ayyub
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.-Biography:...
History
Mamluk
A Mamluk was a soldier of slave origin, who were predominantly Cumans/Kipchaks The "mamluk phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior...
s formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517. In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub
As-Salih Ayyub
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.-Biography:...
died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir Turanshah
Al-Muazzam Turanshah
Turanshah, also Turan Shah was a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub. A member of Ayyubid Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt for a brief period in 1249-1250.-References:...
, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the Atabeg
Atabeg
Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince...
(commander in chief) Emir
Emir
Emir , meaning "commander", "general", or "prince"; also transliterated as Amir, Aamir or Ameer) is a title of high office, used throughout the Muslim world...
Aybak
Aybak
Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. - Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. -(Al-Maqrizi, Note...
and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257. The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were helped by the Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
' sack of Baghdad
Baghdad
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...
in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication of the Egyptians and Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut
Battle of Ain Jalut
The Battle of Ain Jalut took place on 3 September 1260 between Mamluks and the Mongols in eastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, not far from Ein Harod....
in modern-day Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
. The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin
Mediterranean Basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation...
. Baibars
Baibars
Baibars or Baybars , nicknamed Abu l-Futuh , was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. He was one of the commanders of the forces which inflicted a devastating defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France and he led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked...
, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz
Qutuz
Saif ad-Din Qutuz, also spelled Kutuz, was the third of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic line from 1259 until his death in 1260. It was under his leadership that the Mamluks achieved success against the Mongols in the key Battle of Ain Jalut...
on the way home.
In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Al Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France
Louis IX of France
Louis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and...
, who was later definitely defeated, captured in Fariskur and ransomed. Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
. In 1261 , after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
, and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291. Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars. He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan
Battle of Elbistan
In 1277, the Mamluk Sultan Baibars marched from Syria into the Mongol-dominated Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and attacked the Mongol occupation force in the Battle of Elbistan . Upon reaching Elbistan with at least 10,000 horseman, Baibars made ready for battle with the Mongols, expecting them to be...
and sent the Abbasid
Abbasid
The Abbasid Caliphate or, more simply, the Abbasids , was the third of the Islamic caliphates. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate from all but the al-Andalus region....
Caliph with only 250 men to attempted to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the...
from the Crusaders. In addition, he fought the Seljuks, and Hashshashin
Hashshashin
The Assassins were an order of Nizari Ismailis, particularly those of Persia that existed from around 1092 to 1265...
; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia
Nubia
Nubia is a region along the Nile river, which is located in northern Sudan and southern Egypt.There were a number of small Nubian kingdoms throughout the Middle Ages, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate resulting in the Arabization...
for the first time, before his death in 1277.
Sultan Qalawun
Qalawun
Saif ad-Dīn Qalawun aṣ-Ṣāliḥī was the seventh Mamluk sultan of Egypt...
defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280, and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs
Homs
Homs , previously known as Emesa , is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is above sea level and is located north of Damascus...
. After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli
Tripoli, Lebanon
Tripoli is the largest city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in Lebanon. Situated 85 km north of the capital Beirut, Tripoli is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District. Geographically located on the east of the Mediterranean, the city's history dates back...
from the Crusaders in 1289. His son Khalil
Khalil
Al-Malik al-Ashraf Salāh al-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn ; was the eighth Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1290 until his assassination in December, 1293...
captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291.
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
who converted to Islam and established a peace pact with the Mongols in 1322.
Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad
Al-Nasir Muhammad
Al-Nasir Muhammad b. Cairo 1285, d...
married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
n, India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
n, and Abyssinian
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
potentates, as well as the pope
Pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
, the king of Aragon and the king of France. Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria
Alexandria
Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving...
with the Nile
Nile
The Nile is a major north-flowing river in North Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. It is long. It runs through the ten countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt.The Nile has two major...
. He died in 1341.
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349, during Al-Nasir Muhammad first reign, Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death
Black Death
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Of several competing theories, the dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have...
, which is said to have carried off many lives of the inhabitants.
In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan Hajji II
Al-Salih Hajji
Al-Salih Hajji , also Haji II, was a Mamluk ruler, and the last ruler of the Bahri dynasty in 1382. He briefly ruled again in 1389, during the advent of the Burji dynasty...
was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up the Burji dynasty
Burji dynasty
The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have...
.
Military organization
On a general level, the military during the Bahri dynasty can be divided into several aspects1.Mamluks : the core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks ( Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local Amirs).
2.Al-Halqa : the primarily free born professional forces, they are also directly under the sultan's command.
3.Wafidiyya
Wafidiyya
Wafidiyya was the term given to Turks and Mongols who exchanged military service to the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt in return for asylum.- Origins :...
: These are Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service, they are well regarded forces.
4.Other levies : Primarily Bedouin
Bedouin
The Bedouin are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans, known in Arabic as ..-Etymology:...
tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of Turkomans
Turkmen people
The Turkmen are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai,...
and other settled Arabs.
List of Bahri Sultans
| Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil |
Shajar al-Durr |
1250-1250 | |
| al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi |
Izz-ad-Din Aybak Aybak Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. - Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. -(Al-Maqrizi, Note... |
1250– 1257 | |
| Sultan Al-Ashraf |
Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa |
1250-1252 | |
| Sultan Al-Mansur |
Nur ad-Din Ali Al-Mansur Ali Al-Mansur Ali Al-Mansur Ali (Arabic: المنصور على ) Al-Mansur Ali (Arabic: المنصور على ) (epithet: Al-Malik Al-Mansur Nour al-Din Ali Ben al-Malik al-Mu'izz Aybak (Arabic: الملك المنصور نور الدين على بن الملك المعز أيبك ) (b. c. 1244, Cairo) was the second of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the... |
1257-1259 | |
| Sultan Al-Muzaffar |
Sayf ad-Din Qutuz Qutuz Saif ad-Din Qutuz, also spelled Kutuz, was the third of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt in the Turkic line from 1259 until his death in 1260. It was under his leadership that the Mamluks achieved success against the Mongols in the key Battle of Ain Jalut... |
1259-1260 | |
| Sultan Abul-Futuh - Al-Zahir - Al-Bunduqdari - |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I Baibars Baibars or Baybars , nicknamed Abu l-Futuh , was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. He was one of the commanders of the forces which inflicted a devastating defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France and he led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, which marked... |
1260-1277 | |
| Sultan Al-Sa'id Nasir-ad-Din |
Muhammad Barakah Khan Al-Said Barakah Al-Said Barakah Al-Said Barakah Al-Said Barakah (1260–1280; original name: Muhammed Barakah Qan , royal name: al-Malik al-Said Nasir al-Din Barakah (Arabic: الملك السعيد ناصر الدين بركة) was a Mamluk Sultan who ruled from 1277 to 1279 after the death of his father al-Zahir Baibars... |
1277-1279 | |
| Sultan Al-Adil |
Badr-al-Din Solamish Solamish Badr al-Din Solamish was a Sultan of Egypt in 1279. Born at Cairo, he was the son of Baibars, a sultan of Kazakh origin.... |
1279 | |
| Al-Mansur - Al-Alfi - As-Salehi - |
Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun Qalawun Saif ad-Dīn Qalawun aṣ-Ṣāliḥī was the seventh Mamluk sultan of Egypt... |
1279-1290 | |
| Sultan Al-Ashraf |
Salah-ad-Din Khalil |
1290 – 1293 | |
| Al-Nasir |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad |
1293-1294 (first reign) |
|
| Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli |
Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha Al-Adil Kitbugha Kitbugha , was the 10th Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from December 1294 to November 1296.-Background:He was originally an ordinary Mongol soldier in the Ilkhanid army of Hulagu... |
1294-1297 | |
| Al-Mansur |
Husam-ad-Din Lachin Lajin Lachin royal name: al-Malik al-Mansour Hossam ad-Din Lachin al-Mansuri Lachin (Arabic: لاجين) royal name: al-Malik al-Mansour Hossam ad-Din Lachin al-Mansuri Lachin (Arabic: لاجين) royal name: al-Malik al-Mansour Hossam ad-Din Lachin al-Mansuri (Arabic: الملك المنصور حسام الدين لاجين المنصورى (d.... |
1297-1299 | |
| Al-Nasir |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad |
1299 - 1309 (Second reign) |
|
| Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II Baibars II Not to be confused with his more famous namesake, Baibars al-BunduqdariBaibars al-Jashnakir or Baibars II. Royal name: al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Jashnakir al-Mansuri, .... |
1309 | |
| Al-Nasir |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad |
1309 - 1340 (Third reign) |
|
| Al-Mansur |
Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr was a Mamluk sultan of Egypt in 1341.... |
1340-1341 | |
| Al-Ashraf |
Ala-ad-Din Kujuk Kujuk Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk royal name: al-Malik al-Ashraf Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 1341 to 1342.... |
1341-1342 | |
| Sultan Al-Nasir |
Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad Shihab ad-Din Ahmad Shihab ad-Din Ahmad royal name: al-Malik al-Nasir Shihab ad-Din Ahmad ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1342.... |
1342 | |
| Sultan As-Saleh |
Imad-ad-Din Ismail |
1342 – 1345 | |
| Sultan Al-Kamil |
Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I |
1345 - 1346 | |
| Sultan Al-Muzaffar |
Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I |
1346-1347 | |
| Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan |
1347-1351 (first reign) | |
| Sultan As-Saleh |
Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad |
1351-1354 | |
| Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan |
1354 - 1361 (second reign) | |
| Al-Mansur |
Salah-ad-Din Muhammad |
1361-1363 | |
| Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali |
Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II Al-Ashraf Sha'ban Al-Ashraf Sha'ban , also Shaban II, was a Mamluk ruler of the Bahri dynasty from 1363 to 1377. He was a grandson of Al-Nasir Muhammad... |
1363-1376 | |
| Al-Mansur |
Ala-ad-Din Ali |
1376 - 1382 | |
| Sultan As-Saleh |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II Al-Salih Hajji Al-Salih Hajji , also Haji II, was a Mamluk ruler, and the last ruler of the Bahri dynasty in 1382. He briefly ruled again in 1389, during the advent of the Burji dynasty... |
1382 | |
| Al-Zahir |
Sayf-ad-Din Barquq |
1382 - 1389 | |
| Sultan As-Saleh Al-Muzaffar Al-Mansur |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II Al-Salih Hajji Al-Salih Hajji , also Haji II, was a Mamluk ruler, and the last ruler of the Bahri dynasty in 1382. He briefly ruled again in 1389, during the advent of the Burji dynasty... |
1389 | |
| Burji dynasty Burji dynasty The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have... takes over Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was the final independent Egyptian state prior to the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1805. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, Arabised... under Sayf-ad-Din Barquq in 1389-90 C.E. |
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- Yellow shaded row signifies nominal rule of Ayyubid dynastyAyyubid dynastyThe Ayyubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they...
under Sultan Al-Ashraf Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa 1250–1254.- Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Bahri dynasty by Burji dynastyBurji dynastyThe Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. It proved especially turbulent, with short-lived sultans. Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan. During this time Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus. Constant bickering may have...
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- Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Bahri dynasty by Burji dynasty
See also
- AybakAybakIzz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. - Izz al-Din AybakThe name Aybeg or Aybak is a combination of two Turkic words, "Ay" = Moon and "Beg" or variant "Bak" = Emir in Arabic. -(Al-Maqrizi, Note...
- History of Arab Egypt
- MamlukMamlukA Mamluk was a soldier of slave origin, who were predominantly Cumans/Kipchaks The "mamluk phenomenon", as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior...
- Qala'un MosqueQala'un MosqueThe Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qala'un Mosque is an early 14th century mosque at the Citadel in Cairo, Egypt. It was built by the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasr Muhammad in 1318 as the royal mosque of the Citadel, where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers. The mosque is located across the...
- Shajar al-Durr
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties