Banksia stuposa
Encyclopedia
Banksia stuposa is a shrub
endemic to Western Australia
. It was known as Dryandra stuposa (or stupposa) until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia
by Austin Mast
and Kevin Thiele
.
. It has leathery, bluish leaves, five to 15 centimetres long and seven to 14 millimetres wide, on a petiole five to eight millimetres long. The leaf margin is pinnatifid, with 15 to 30 triangular lobes on each side. Inflorescences are golden yellow and white, and occur either terminally on a branch, or on short lateral branchlets. They are from seven to eight centimetres in diameter, and consist of from 100 to 130 flowers per head.
from the vicinity of the Swan River Colony
, and subsequently published by John Lindley
in his 1840 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
. Lindley gave it the name Dryandra stuposa; no etymology
was given, but it is now accepted that it comes from the Latin
stupposus ("covered with coarse, matted hairs"), in reference to the silky-woolly hairs on the involucral bract
s. Lindley's dropping of a p from the name appears to have been a spelling error on his part, as he dropped the same p from stupposo in the Latin description. Lindley also did not specify his type
material, but most of A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony is based upon the collections of Drummond, and one of Drummond's specimens has since been selected as lectotype
for the species.
A number of early publications took the liberty of correcting Lindley's spelling by referring to the species as D. stupposa. George Bentham
did so in his 1870 Flora Australiensis
, for example. So too did Otto Kuntze
in 1891, when he made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer Dryandra to the older name Josephia, in the process publishing the name Josephia stupposa (Lindl.) Kuntze. Dryandra was retained, however, and in modern times the original orthography of the specific name has been restored.
In 1996 and again in 1999, Alex George
published a thorough revision of Dryandra. He placed D. stuposa in D. subg. Dryandra
, ser. Dryandra, along with D. formosa (Showy Dryandra) and D. nobilis (Golden Dryandra), with the latter considered this species' closest relative. This arrangement stood until 2007, when the genus Dryandra was transferred into Banksia
by Austin Mast
and Kevin Thiele
, resulting in the publication of the current name for this species, Banksia stuposa (Lindl.) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele. As an interim measure, Mast and Thiele placed all the Dryandra species in B. ser. Dryandra.
B. stuposa occurs between York
and Broomehill
, in the Avon Wheatbelt
and Jarrah Forest
biogeographic
regions of the Southwest Botanic Province. It grows on lateritic
soils amongst mallee
-kwongan
or eucalypt
woodland
.
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
endemic to Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
. It was known as Dryandra stuposa (or stupposa) until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
by Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
.
Description
B. stuposa grows as a shrub up to three metres high, without a lignotuberLignotuber
A lignotuber is a starchy swelling of the root crown possessed by some plants as a protection against destruction of the plant stem by fire. The crown contains buds from which new stems may sprout, and a sufficient store of nutrients to support a period of growth in the absence of...
. It has leathery, bluish leaves, five to 15 centimetres long and seven to 14 millimetres wide, on a petiole five to eight millimetres long. The leaf margin is pinnatifid, with 15 to 30 triangular lobes on each side. Inflorescences are golden yellow and white, and occur either terminally on a branch, or on short lateral branchlets. They are from seven to eight centimetres in diameter, and consist of from 100 to 130 flowers per head.
Taxonomy
Specimens of B. stuposa were first collected in the 1830s by James DrummondJames Drummond (botanist)
James Drummond was a botanist and naturalist who was an early settler in Western Australia.-Early life:...
from the vicinity of the Swan River Colony
Swan River Colony
The Swan River Colony was a British settlement established in 1829 on the Swan River, in Western Australia. The name was a pars pro toto for Western Australia. In 1832, the colony was officially renamed Western Australia, when the colony's founding Lieutenant-Governor, Captain James Stirling,...
, and subsequently published by John Lindley
John Lindley
John Lindley FRS was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.-Early years:Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden...
in his 1840 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg. Swan R., is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony...
. Lindley gave it the name Dryandra stuposa; no etymology
Etymology
Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
was given, but it is now accepted that it comes from the Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
stupposus ("covered with coarse, matted hairs"), in reference to the silky-woolly hairs on the involucral bract
Bract
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis, or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture...
s. Lindley's dropping of a p from the name appears to have been a spelling error on his part, as he dropped the same p from stupposo in the Latin description. Lindley also did not specify his type
Biological type
In biology, a type is one particular specimen of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached...
material, but most of A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony is based upon the collections of Drummond, and one of Drummond's specimens has since been selected as lectotype
Lectotype
In botanical nomenclature and zoological nomenclature, a lectotype is a kind of name-bearing type. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype...
for the species.
A number of early publications took the liberty of correcting Lindley's spelling by referring to the species as D. stupposa. George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
did so in his 1870 Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of...
, for example. So too did Otto Kuntze
Otto Kuntze
Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze was a German botanist.-Biography:Otto Kuntze was born in Leipzig.An apothecary in his early career, he published an essay entitled Pocket Fauna of Leipzig. Between 1863 and...
in 1891, when he made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer Dryandra to the older name Josephia, in the process publishing the name Josephia stupposa (Lindl.) Kuntze. Dryandra was retained, however, and in modern times the original orthography of the specific name has been restored.
In 1996 and again in 1999, Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published a thorough revision of Dryandra. He placed D. stuposa in D. subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996...
, ser. Dryandra, along with D. formosa (Showy Dryandra) and D. nobilis (Golden Dryandra), with the latter considered this species' closest relative. This arrangement stood until 2007, when the genus Dryandra was transferred into Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
by Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
, resulting in the publication of the current name for this species, Banksia stuposa (Lindl.) A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele. As an interim measure, Mast and Thiele placed all the Dryandra species in B. ser. Dryandra.
Distribution and habitat
York, Western Australia
York is the oldest inland town in Western Australia, situated 97 km east of Perth in the Avon Valley near Northam, and is the seat of the Shire of York...
and Broomehill
Broomehill, Western Australia
Broomehill is a town located along the Great Southern Highway between Katanning and Albany, in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.- History :...
, in the Avon Wheatbelt
Avon Wheatbelt
Avon Wheatbelt is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia region in Western Australia and part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion.-Further reading:...
and Jarrah Forest
Jarrah Forest
Jarrah Forest is an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia region in Western Australia.-Location and description:The ecoregion stands on the 300m high Yilgarn block inland plateau and includes wooded valleys such as those of Western Australia's Murray River and the Helena River near...
biogeographic
Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species , organisms, and ecosystems in space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities vary in a highly regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area...
regions of the Southwest Botanic Province. It grows on lateritic
Laterite
Laterites are soil types rich in iron and aluminium, formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are rusty-red because of iron oxides. They develop by intensive and long-lasting weathering of the underlying parent rock...
soils amongst mallee
Mallee (habit)
Mallee is the growth habit of certain eucalypt species that grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber, usually to a height of no more than ten metres...
-kwongan
Kwongan
Kwongan is a type of heathland found on the coastal plains of Western Australia. The name is derived from the language of the Noongar people. Kwongan comprises floristically-rich heath with dense thickets of sclerophyllous shrubs and isolated small trees...
or eucalypt
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia...
woodland
Woodland
Ecologically, a woodland is a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodland may form a transition to shrubland under drier conditions or during early stages of...
.