Basigin
Encyclopedia
Basigin also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein
that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene
. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the malaria parasite.
, with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis
, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter
and the responsiveness of lymphocyte
s.
Basigin is a type I integral membrane receptor
that has many ligand
s, including the cyclophilin
(CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrin
s. It is expressed by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. The human basigin protein contains 269 amino acids that form two heavily glycosylated
C2 type immunoglobulin-like domains
at the N-terminal extracellular portion. A second form of basigin has also been characterized that contains one additional immunoglobulin-like domain in its extracellular portion.
with Ubiquitin C
.
Basigin has been shown to form a complex with monocarboxylate transporter
s in the retina of the mouse. Basigin appears to be required for proper placement of MCTs in the membrane. In the Basigin null mouse, the failure of MCTs to integrate with the membrane may be directly linked to a failure of nutrient transfer in the retinal pigmented epithelium (the lactates transported by MCTs 1, 3, and 4 are essential nutrients for the developing RPE), resulting in loss of sight in the null animal.
known strains of the plasmodium
parasite that is the cause of malaria
, and that by developing anti-basigin antibodies a vaccine for malaria might be found. Basigin is bound by the PfRh5 protein on the surface of the malaria parasite.
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the malaria parasite.
Function
Basigin is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamilyImmunoglobulin superfamily
The immunoglobulin superfamily is a large group of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins ; they all possess a...
, with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which male primary germ cells undergo division, and produce a number of cells termed spermatogonia, from which the primary spermatocytes are derived. Each primary spermatocyte divides into two secondary spermatocytes, and each secondary spermatocyte into two...
, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter
Monocarboxylate transporter
Monocarboxylate transporters, or MCTs, constitute a family of proton-linkedplasma membrane transporters that carry molecules having one carboxylate group , such aslactate and pyruvate, across biological membranes....
and the responsiveness of lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...
s.
Basigin is a type I integral membrane receptor
Integral membrane protein
An integral membrane protein is a protein molecule that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Proteins that cross the membrane are surrounded by "annular" lipids, which are defined as lipids that are in direct contact with a membrane protein...
that has many ligand
Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding between metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs. The nature of metal-ligand bonding can range from...
s, including the cyclophilin
Cyclophilin
Cyclophilins are a family of proteins from vertebrates and other organisms that bind to cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants...
(CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrin
Integrin
Integrins are receptors that mediate attachment between a cell and the tissues surrounding it, which may be other cells or the ECM. They also play a role in cell signaling and thereby regulate cellular shape, motility, and the cell cycle....
s. It is expressed by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. The human basigin protein contains 269 amino acids that form two heavily glycosylated
Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule . In biology glycosylation refers to the enzymatic process that attaches glycans to proteins, lipids, or other organic molecules...
C2 type immunoglobulin-like domains
Immunoglobulin domain
The immunoglobulin domain is a type of protein domain that consists of a 2-layer sandwich of between 7 and 9 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets with a Greek key topology....
at the N-terminal extracellular portion. A second form of basigin has also been characterized that contains one additional immunoglobulin-like domain in its extracellular portion.
Interactions
Basigin has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with Ubiquitin C
Ubiquitin C
Ubiquitin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBC gene.-Interactions:Ubiquitin C has been shown to interact with SCNN1A, SCNN1G, Parkin , P70-S6 Kinase 1, TRAF6, HDAC3, SFPQ, S100A10, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, NOTCH1, HIF1A, Epidermal growth factor receptor, E2F1,...
.
Basigin has been shown to form a complex with monocarboxylate transporter
Monocarboxylate transporter
Monocarboxylate transporters, or MCTs, constitute a family of proton-linkedplasma membrane transporters that carry molecules having one carboxylate group , such aslactate and pyruvate, across biological membranes....
s in the retina of the mouse. Basigin appears to be required for proper placement of MCTs in the membrane. In the Basigin null mouse, the failure of MCTs to integrate with the membrane may be directly linked to a failure of nutrient transfer in the retinal pigmented epithelium (the lactates transported by MCTs 1, 3, and 4 are essential nutrients for the developing RPE), resulting in loss of sight in the null animal.
Role In Malaria
Recent studies by workers at the Sanger Institute in Cambridge, UK, have indicated that basigin is a receptor that is essential to invasion by allknown strains of the plasmodium
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...
parasite that is the cause of malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
, and that by developing anti-basigin antibodies a vaccine for malaria might be found. Basigin is bound by the PfRh5 protein on the surface of the malaria parasite.
External links
- Ok blood group system at BGMUTBGMUTThe BGMUT Database documents allelic variations in the genes encoding for human blood group systems. It was set up in 1999 through an initiative of the Human Genome Variation Society . Since 2006, it has been a part of the dbRBC resource of NCBI at the NIH...
Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBINational Center for Biotechnology InformationThe National Center for Biotechnology Information is part of the United States National Library of Medicine , a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by Senator Claude Pepper...
, NIH