The Battle of Casal Novo was a rear-guard action fought on March 14, 1811, during Massena's

André Masséna

André Masséna 1st Duc de Rivoli, 1st Prince d'Essling was a French military commander during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars....

 retreat from Portugal. During this retreat the French rear-guard, under command of Michel Ney, performed admirably in a series of sharp rear-guard actions. At Casal Novo, the recklessness of Sir William Erskine

Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet

Major-General Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet was an officer in the British Army, served as a member of Parliament, and achieved important commands in the Napoleonic Wars under the Duke of Wellington, but ended his service in insanity and suicide.He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Sir...

 resulted in costly losses in the Light Division

Light Division

The Light Division was a light infantry Division of the British Army formed in the early 19th Century. It can trace its origins to the Light Companies which had been formed to move at speed over inhospitable terrain and protect the main forces by skirmishing tactics...

.

Background

Massena's aims were to head north and force his way through the Mondego valley. His only obstacle was the Mondego River, but the French marshal found that all the bridges and been destroyed. In addition to this, he found the area impossible to ford due to the city of Coimbra

Coimbra

Coimbra is a city in the municipality of Coimbra in Portugal. Although it served as the nation's capital during the High Middle Ages, it is better-known for its university, the University of Coimbra, which is one of the oldest in Europe and the oldest academic institution in the...

 being occupied by Portuguese militia under Nicholas Trant

Nicholas Trant

Nicholas Trant , a British officer, led Portuguese irregular troops in several actions during the Peninsular War. His most famous exploits were the recapture of Coimbra from the French in October 1810 and the successful defense of the line of the Mondego River in March 1811.-Peninsular War:While a...

.

In an attempt to delay Wellington's

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS , was an Irish-born British soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century...

 advance Massena had Michel Ney command the rear guard

Rear guard

A rear guard or rearguard is that part of a military force that protects it from attack from the rear, either during an advance or withdrawal...

. Ney inflicted two defeats on the allies, driving the British out of Pombal

Pombal, Portugal

Pombal is a town in Pombal Municipality, Portugal. The population of the city is about 16.000 inhabitants....

 and managing an impressive victory over Wellington near the village of Redinha. He then took up a new position at Condeixa, on the Mondego river.

However, the French were too slow to force their way across the Mondego river. Trant's militia held out after a failed three day attempt to secure Coimbra. With Massena in danger of being trapped, changed route. Instead of heading north, the French marshal decided to advance east, back into Spain. Ney was left at Condeixa in order to stall the allied army.

Wellington's vanguard caught up with the French at Condeixa. General Montbrun defended this position and delayed the allies long enough for the French to fall back eastwards towards Miranda de Corvo. With the position at Condeixa untenable, the town was abandoned and put to the torch. The next day, the allies advanced on the French positions around Miranda de Corvo. Sir William Erskine, in command of the British Light Division, attacked the French position at Casal Novo.

Ney had deployed his troops in strong positions. General Ferrey’s men took position in the village of Casal Novo. Marchand’s division was held back in a strong position on a raised ground near Chão de Lamas.

Battle

The Light Division advanced on Casal Novo, attacking through a fog which hid the French from sight. However, Erskine did not believe that the French were present, and did not even bother to scout the French position. The British were easy prey for Ferrey’s men.

The Light Division was exposed to heavy fire for two to three hours, before eventually gaining a foothold in the town. The French fell back to Marchand’s division and the British, in pursuit, were cut down by Colonel Laferiere’s 3rd Hussars. Despite this the Light Division surged forward, but met Marchand’s division positioned on the heights in a strong defensive position. The French unleashed devastating fire on this body of troops. The British were easily repulsed.

The arrival of the 3rd Division forced Ney to pull back Marchand’s men before they were overwhelmed. Marchand pulled back and formed a line with the divisions of Mermet and of Loison on the heights of Miranda de Corvo.

Aftermath

The battle was a success. Ney had delayed the British long enough for many convoys to regain the head of the army. The British suffered almost three times as many casualties as their French counterparts. Marchand’s division had repulsed the attacks and the allies had once again failed to break through the French rear-guard.

Ney’s rearguard withdrew across the river Ceira. A small body of troops were left on the other side at Foz de Arouce. From here, the stage was set for the combat of Foz de Arouce. This would be Ney’s final battle in Portugal.

The Battle of Casal Novo was the first in a series of major bungles made by Erskine, the next being at Sabugal

Sabugal

Sabugal is a city and a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 822.7 km² and a total population of 14,222 inhabitants[in the municipality] and about 3.000 in the city....

. Had the Light Division commander had the French positions scouted, the fiasco may have been avoided.