Battle of Castlehaven
Encyclopedia
The Battle of Castlehaven was a naval battle that took place on the 6th December 1601 in the bay off Castlehaven on the south coast of Ireland
during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson
and consisting of four warships. Protecting the Spanish convoy were fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur
were either sunk captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships.
arrived in Kinsale
harbour. Zubiaur with six ships became separated from the main fleet. Eventually Zubiar arrived with a total force of 2000 men near Castlehaven on 1st December. At that time Castlehaven Castle was held by the O'Driscoll clan and they welcomed the Spanish. On 2 December, a day after the Spanish arrived in Castlehaven, Lord Mountjoy was informed that seven Spanish ships had entered the harbour of Castlehaven. On 4 December, Mountjoy received confirmation of the story. The danger posed by the Spaniards’ arrival was immediately realized, and Mountjoy took immediate steps to strengthen English defences. The commander of the English naval forces at Kinsale, Admiral Leveson, was ordered to “seeke the Spanish fleete at Castlehaven, to take them if he could, or otherwise to distresse them as much as he might.” Leveson then left his vice-admiral Preston to guard Kinsale harbour and took the rest of the fleet heavily armed to Castlehaven.
, Defiance
, Swiftsure
, and Merlin, as well as a merchantman and a carvel. The following day, the wind was blowing inland, thereby preventing the English ships from leaving. Leveson had his vessels towed out of Kinsale harbour, and he then set off for Castlehaven. At 10 o’clock the next morning, 6 December, Leveson’s fleet arrived off Castlehaven. Zubiaur however was ready for them with an eight-gun battery at the mouth of the harbour. A Captain Fleming commanding the 10 gun Merlin rowed through Spanish fire to make a channel for the 518 ton Warspite to follow. A heavy pounding from the Spanish shore batteries and the vessels ensued which Leveson said ‘much annoyed’ him. From then until four o’clock that afternoon the two sides battled. The 200 ton Spanish flagship was sunk with most hands. Zubiaur’s other 200 ton vessel began to sink and settled in shallow water. Three more Spanish vessels were pounded until their crews forced them onto the rocks after sustaining continuous fire particularly from the big galleons Defiance and Warspite. Finally a Spanish merchant was boarded and captured and was found to have wheat and biscuits before being abandoned and it too being driven aground.
With all but one of the Spanish vessels neutralised, and with the wind blowing onshore, Leveson managed to withdraw his ships, being towed out under fire from the remaining shore batteries. The Spanish were now being reinforced by more Irish foot men. Leveson's ships were running low on ammunition as they were continually returning fire. The fleet had suffered moderate damage; Warspite alone had suffered twelve killed and forty wounded out of a total of 150 casualties but no ships were lost.
; he closed off the bay and blockaded it from the sea which was crucial to the English victory there. The Spanish garrison at Castlehaven was now cut off but distributed themselves around the area; at Baltimore (Donneshed Castle), but these soon surrendered when news of the defeat at Kinsale came through. Pedro De Zubiaur made his way back to Spain and was arrested for his responsibilities but later released.
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
during the Nine Years' War between a Spanish naval convoy of six ships and an English fleet, commanded by Admiral Richard Leveson
Richard Leveson (admiral)
Vice Admiral Sir Richard Leveson was the son of Sir Walter Leveson of Lilleshall Hall, Lilleshall, Shropshire, and his wife Anne Corbet, daughter of Sir Andrew Corbet of Moreton Corbet, Salop....
and consisting of four warships. Protecting the Spanish convoy were fortified positions on shore, a castle and 600 Spanish and Irish footmen. Five out of six Spanish ships, commanded by General Pedro de Zubiaur
Pedro de Zubiaur
Pedro de Zubiaur, Zubiaurre or Çubiaurre was a Spanish soldier and sailor of the Anglo-Spanish War who started his naval career in 1568 and won several victories over the English for Philip II of Spain, the most famous of them during the relief of Blaye...
were either sunk captured or run aground in the battle, while the English fleet lost no ships.
Background
On 23 September 1601 a Spanish Fleet under Don Juan del ÁguilaJuan del Águila
Frey Juan Del Águila y Arellano was a Spanish general. He commanded the Spanish expeditionary Tercio troops in Sicily then in Brittany , before serving as general of the Spanish armies in the invasion of Ireland ....
arrived in Kinsale
Kinsale
Kinsale is a town in County Cork, Ireland. Located some 25 km south of Cork City on the coast near the Old Head of Kinsale, it sits at the mouth of the River Bandon and has a population of 2,257 which increases substantially during the summer months when the tourist season is at its peak and...
harbour. Zubiaur with six ships became separated from the main fleet. Eventually Zubiar arrived with a total force of 2000 men near Castlehaven on 1st December. At that time Castlehaven Castle was held by the O'Driscoll clan and they welcomed the Spanish. On 2 December, a day after the Spanish arrived in Castlehaven, Lord Mountjoy was informed that seven Spanish ships had entered the harbour of Castlehaven. On 4 December, Mountjoy received confirmation of the story. The danger posed by the Spaniards’ arrival was immediately realized, and Mountjoy took immediate steps to strengthen English defences. The commander of the English naval forces at Kinsale, Admiral Leveson, was ordered to “seeke the Spanish fleete at Castlehaven, to take them if he could, or otherwise to distresse them as much as he might.” Leveson then left his vice-admiral Preston to guard Kinsale harbour and took the rest of the fleet heavily armed to Castlehaven.
Battle
Leveson had with him four naval vessels, WarspiteHMS Warspite (1596)
WarspiteThe 'HMS' prefix was not used until the middle of the eighteenth century, but is sometimes applied retrospectively was a great ship of the English Royal Navy, built at Deptford Dockyard by the master shipwright Edward Stevens, and launched about 1 March 1596...
, Defiance
HMS Defiance (1590)
DefianceThe 'HMS' prefix was not used until the middle of the 18th century, but is sometimes applied retrospectively was a 46-gun galleon of the English Royal Navy, launched in 1590....
, Swiftsure
HMS Swiftsure (1573)
SwiftsureThe 'HMS' prefix was not used until the middle of the 18th century, but is sometimes applied retrospectively was a galleon of the English Royal Navy, launched in 1573....
, and Merlin, as well as a merchantman and a carvel. The following day, the wind was blowing inland, thereby preventing the English ships from leaving. Leveson had his vessels towed out of Kinsale harbour, and he then set off for Castlehaven. At 10 o’clock the next morning, 6 December, Leveson’s fleet arrived off Castlehaven. Zubiaur however was ready for them with an eight-gun battery at the mouth of the harbour. A Captain Fleming commanding the 10 gun Merlin rowed through Spanish fire to make a channel for the 518 ton Warspite to follow. A heavy pounding from the Spanish shore batteries and the vessels ensued which Leveson said ‘much annoyed’ him. From then until four o’clock that afternoon the two sides battled. The 200 ton Spanish flagship was sunk with most hands. Zubiaur’s other 200 ton vessel began to sink and settled in shallow water. Three more Spanish vessels were pounded until their crews forced them onto the rocks after sustaining continuous fire particularly from the big galleons Defiance and Warspite. Finally a Spanish merchant was boarded and captured and was found to have wheat and biscuits before being abandoned and it too being driven aground.
With all but one of the Spanish vessels neutralised, and with the wind blowing onshore, Leveson managed to withdraw his ships, being towed out under fire from the remaining shore batteries. The Spanish were now being reinforced by more Irish foot men. Leveson's ships were running low on ammunition as they were continually returning fire. The fleet had suffered moderate damage; Warspite alone had suffered twelve killed and forty wounded out of a total of 150 casualties but no ships were lost.
Aftermath
Most of the time Leveson had to tow his ships to Kinsale as the wind never seemed to be in his favour. Leveson had achieved a victory, neutralising Zubiaur’s naval potential. He would assist in Mountjoy's siege of KinsaleSiege of Kinsale
The Siege or Battle of Kinsale was the ultimate battle in England's conquest of Gaelic Ireland. It took place during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, at the climax of the Nine Years War - a campaign by Aodh Mór Ó Néill, Aodh Rua Ó Dónaill and other Irish clan leaders against English rule...
; he closed off the bay and blockaded it from the sea which was crucial to the English victory there. The Spanish garrison at Castlehaven was now cut off but distributed themselves around the area; at Baltimore (Donneshed Castle), but these soon surrendered when news of the defeat at Kinsale came through. Pedro De Zubiaur made his way back to Spain and was arrested for his responsibilities but later released.
Further reading
- Arnold-Baker, Charles: The companion to British history (Informa Healthcare; 2 edition 2001) ISBN 978-0-415-18583-7
- Lennon, Colm: Sixteenth Century Ireland — The Incomplete Conquest (Dublin, 1995) ISBN 0-312-12462-7.
- McGurk, John : The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: The 1590s Crisis ISBN 978-0-7190-8051-7
- Silke, John J: Kinsale: the Spanish intervention in Ireland at the end of the Elizabethan war (Four Courts Press Ltd, 2000) ISBN 978-1-85182-551-6
- Stafford, Thomas: A history of the wars in Ireland, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (Dublin 1810); Vol. II; Downy 1896, ISBN 1-170-31027-3
- Thomas, Francis S: Historical notes. 1509-1714, Volume 3
- The United Service Magazine - 1895
- http://www.odriscolls.me.uk/battle_of_castlehaven.htm