Battle of Ongjin
Encyclopedia
The Battle of Ongjin was a part of the Operation Pokpoong
that marked the beginning of the Korean War
. The ROK 17th Infantry Regiment fought against the DPRK 14th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Guard Brigade supported by a tank company at Ongjin.
The DPRK had built supply bases nearby, and supplies could be transported by railroad. On the other hand, ROK forces received support from Port Bupho located at the southeast of the peninsula. Due to the wide range between tidelines, large vessels were only able to come up alongside the Port Bupho pier twice per day.
as fast as possible was the main goal for North Korean forces. The 3rd Guard Brigade prepared in the west, and the 14th Infantry Regiment with an armored battalion from the 203th Armored Regiment was tasked with capturing Kangryong.
With the destruction of both wire and wireless communications, 1st Battalion commander Major Kim learned of the situation from retreating forces. He sent a reserve company forward as backup but this effort failed. Major Kim was later killed by DPRK artillery.
Meantime, the DPRK 14th Regiment continued shelling on the ROK 3rd Battalion until 05:30. However, ROK forces was not allowed to return artillery fire until hours later because the U.S. advisors had full control over the battalion's 105mm artillery.
When DPRK forces rushed over the ROK defenses with tanks and armored vehicles, ROK forces employed M18 recoilless rifle
in defense. These failed to destroy any tanks. The ROK 3rd Battalion then retreated and set up new defensive lines at Chimasan and Seokgyeri which left Kangryong and Yangwon vulnerable to DPRK attack. Nevertheless, Colonel Paik ordered the 2nd Battalion to aid the 1st Battalion to maintain defense line on the left.
The 2nd Battalion ambushed and annihilated a DPRK battalion then recovered the left of the line in a counterattack. The battalion then retreat orders but refused and maintained the defensive line until the battalion learned the regiment had withdrawn to Kangryong. The battalion commander Major Song led both the 1st and 2nd Battalions to Buldangsan. When the troops arrived at Buldangsan, the DPRK forces had already taken over Yangwon and Kangryong. Major Song abandon plans to move to Port Bupho. Instead, he moved his forces to Sagot and retreated from there.
After retreating from Kangryong, the 3rd Battalion made its final defensive line and engineers blasted bridges to halt DPRK tanks. However, the DPRK forces did not chase down the ROK troops. Later it was learned that the DPRK 14th Regiment transferred the operation to the DPRK 3rd Guard Brigade after taking over Kangryong and moved to a different area to join larger battles.
LST-801 came to Port Bupho at 23:30 and most of the 3rd Battalion boarded. Heavy equipment and supplies except one M101 howitzer
were either burnt or thrown into the sea.
Colonel Paik ordered LST-801 to set sail. He remained with the 7th Artillery Battalion, where he worked with its commander, Major Park, and other officers till the last round was fired. They successfully fled the zone in a small wooden boat.
and recovered all losses. The regiment returned to the front line at Osan
and participated in later battles including the Battle of Inchon
.
Operation Pokpoong
The Operation Pokpoong was an offensive operation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea against the Republic of Korea that marked the start of the Korean War...
that marked the beginning of the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
. The ROK 17th Infantry Regiment fought against the DPRK 14th Infantry Regiment and the 3rd Guard Brigade supported by a tank company at Ongjin.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- 14th Infantry Regiment - Senior Colonel Han Il-rae
- 3rd Guard Brigade - Brigadier General Choe Hyun
Republic of Korea
- 17th Infantry Regiment - Colonel Paik In-yup
- 1st Infantry Battalion - Major Kim Hee-tae
- 2nd Infantry Battalion - Major Song Ho-rim
- 3rd Infantry Battalion - Major Oh Ik-kyung
- 7th Artillery Battalion - Major Park Yeon-ho
Regional characteristics
Ongjin Peninsula is located at the westernmost of the 38th parallel. It is surrounded by the sea, and its only land route was blocked by the 38th parallel. There are strategic mountains at the center of the peninsula that can observe the entire peninsula easily. Prior to the Battle of Ongjin, the two opposing forces already had three clashes near these mountains in 1949.The DPRK had built supply bases nearby, and supplies could be transported by railroad. On the other hand, ROK forces received support from Port Bupho located at the southeast of the peninsula. Due to the wide range between tidelines, large vessels were only able to come up alongside the Port Bupho pier twice per day.
Prelude
From 20 June 1950, ROK 17th Infantry Regiment began witnessing suspicious and unusual movements on North Korea side of the 38th parallel. The regiment spotted many high-ranking North Korean officers in North Korean bases and on the hills, but no North Korean civilians were seen. When the regiment received an order to call off its alert, regimental commander Paik In-yup ignored the order and kept his regiment on high alert for any possible attacks from North Korea. Eventually, Paik lowered the alert except on the front lines. However, when United Nations personnel visited the regiment they urged Paik to cancel the alert saying that the it would cause the very issue it was in place to prevent. However, the day before the battle Paik ordered every troop to be stationed in their defense positions, giving the regiment a fortunate battle-ready stance for the upcoming attack.Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Taking over KangryongKangryong
-Geography:Kangryŏng is bordered to the north by Pyŏksŏng, to the west by Ongjin, to the east by the Bay of Haeju and to the south by the Korea Bay. The county is situated on the western half of the Ongjin Peninsula, and most of the land is rocky and hilly with many coves and little flat land...
as fast as possible was the main goal for North Korean forces. The 3rd Guard Brigade prepared in the west, and the 14th Infantry Regiment with an armored battalion from the 203th Armored Regiment was tasked with capturing Kangryong.
Republic of Korea
Ongjin Peninsula is an isolated area where only ground access was to go through North Korean soil. Therefore, 17th Infantry Regiment had to defend a 45 km line with limited troops. The 1st Infantry Battalion covered the west and the 3rd Infantry Battalion covered the east while the 2nd Infantry Battalion was stationed at the rear to act as relief. The regiment focused its strength at the Kangry'ŏng, protected by the 3rd Infantry Battalion, because it was most likely to be the primary object for North Korea. If Kangry'ŏng was taken, the regiment would lose its combat strength by half along with its path of retreat.Battle
At 04:00 of 25 June a red flare was shot in the air and DPRK forces began shelling ROK defenses for 30 minutes. After the artillery attack, a battalion-sized force of DPRK soldiers thrusted into the ROK 1st Battalion. Two companies of the battalion fought hand-to-hand, but were forced to retreat due to DPRK reinforcement.With the destruction of both wire and wireless communications, 1st Battalion commander Major Kim learned of the situation from retreating forces. He sent a reserve company forward as backup but this effort failed. Major Kim was later killed by DPRK artillery.
Meantime, the DPRK 14th Regiment continued shelling on the ROK 3rd Battalion until 05:30. However, ROK forces was not allowed to return artillery fire until hours later because the U.S. advisors had full control over the battalion's 105mm artillery.
When DPRK forces rushed over the ROK defenses with tanks and armored vehicles, ROK forces employed M18 recoilless rifle
M18 recoilless rifle
The M18 recoilless rifle was a 57 mm shoulder fired anti-tank recoilless rifle used by the U.S. Army in World War II and the Korean War. Recoilless rifles are capable of firing artillery-type shells at reduced velocities comparable to those of standard cannon, but with greater accuracy than...
in defense. These failed to destroy any tanks. The ROK 3rd Battalion then retreated and set up new defensive lines at Chimasan and Seokgyeri which left Kangryong and Yangwon vulnerable to DPRK attack. Nevertheless, Colonel Paik ordered the 2nd Battalion to aid the 1st Battalion to maintain defense line on the left.
The 2nd Battalion ambushed and annihilated a DPRK battalion then recovered the left of the line in a counterattack. The battalion then retreat orders but refused and maintained the defensive line until the battalion learned the regiment had withdrawn to Kangryong. The battalion commander Major Song led both the 1st and 2nd Battalions to Buldangsan. When the troops arrived at Buldangsan, the DPRK forces had already taken over Yangwon and Kangryong. Major Song abandon plans to move to Port Bupho. Instead, he moved his forces to Sagot and retreated from there.
After retreating from Kangryong, the 3rd Battalion made its final defensive line and engineers blasted bridges to halt DPRK tanks. However, the DPRK forces did not chase down the ROK troops. Later it was learned that the DPRK 14th Regiment transferred the operation to the DPRK 3rd Guard Brigade after taking over Kangryong and moved to a different area to join larger battles.
LST-801 came to Port Bupho at 23:30 and most of the 3rd Battalion boarded. Heavy equipment and supplies except one M101 howitzer
M101 howitzer
The 105 mm M2A1 howitzer was the standard light field howitzer for the United States in World War II, seeing action in both European and Pacific theaters. Entering production in 1941, it quickly entered the war against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Pacific, where it gained a reputation...
were either burnt or thrown into the sea.
Colonel Paik ordered LST-801 to set sail. He remained with the 7th Artillery Battalion, where he worked with its commander, Major Park, and other officers till the last round was fired. They successfully fled the zone in a small wooden boat.
Aftermath
About 90% of the South Korean forces and equipment in Ongjin Peninsula returned to the mainland. The 17th Infantry Regiment moved to DaejeonDaejeon
Daejeon is South Korea's fifth largest metropolis and the provincial capital of Chungnam. Located in the center of the country, Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010. It is at the crossroads of Gyeongbu railway, Honam railway, Gyeongbu Expressway, and Honam Expressway. Within the...
and recovered all losses. The regiment returned to the front line at Osan
Osan
Osan is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, approximately 35 km south of Seoul. The population of the city is around 120,000. The local economy is supported by a mix of agricultural and industrial enterprises....
and participated in later battles including the Battle of Inchon
Battle of Inchon
The Battle of Inchon was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations . The operation involved some 75,000 troops and 261 naval vessels, and led to the recapture of the South Korean capital Seoul two...
.