Battle of Songjin
Encyclopedia
The Battle of Songjin (Chinese
: 松錦之戰) in 1640 was fought at Songshan
(Chinese
: 松山) and Jinzhou
(Chinese
: 锦州), hence the name "Song-Jin". It spelled the end of the Ming Dynasty
. Hong Chengchou
's 130,000 elite troops, which was sent to break the siege of Jinzhou
, were crushed by the Eight banner armies of the Qing Dynasty
at Songshan
. Hong Chengchou and a small member of remnant army was sieged at Songshan and was defeated a few months later. Jinzhou garrison and the general Zu Dashou
surrendered to the Qing army shortly after the defeat of Ming armies at Songshan.
, Ming dynasty rarely changed their defensive strategy over Liaodong. They concentrated at building fortresses, using the aid of canons and chose to defense rather than to offense. Qing army was frustrated by this defensive strategy, nevertheless Huangtaiji came with a simple solution by preparing logistic supply to maintain long time siege warfare.
Zu Dashou
was by then in charge of defense in Jinzhou. Zu at first surrendered to Qing and offered to take Jinzhou. When he succeded taking Jinzhou, he re-changed his side again to Ming and took control of Jinzhou. In the 6th year of Chongde (1641) Jirgalang
ordered his troops to retake Jinzhou and lay siege to the city. Zu then sent a letter seeking reinforcement from Beijing. At the forth lunar month, Huangtaiji decided to maintain the siege upon Jinzhou.
and Cao Bianjiao's troops.
At the tenth lunar month, Hong left Shanhai Pass and summoned eight generals: Cao Bianjiao, Wang Yanchen, Bai Guang'en, Ma Ke, Wu Sangui
, Yang Guozhu, Wang Pu and Tang Tong. The Ming troops under their control were numbered up to 130,000 infantry heavily armed with matchlock muskets and 40,000 cavalry and were ordered to liberate Jinzhou. Meanwhile, Zu Dashou still maintained the defence of Jinzhou and used Songshan
, Xishan and Tashan as defensive wings. At the Qing side, generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi
were ordered to reinforce the troops laying siege over Jinzhou.
Hong positioned his troops on Mt. Rufeng which stands between Songshan and Jinzhou. First battle errupted and Qing forces were suffering a terrible defeat. When the news approached Huangtaiji, he decided to drown into the battlefield. Though numbered heavily, Hong decided to remain defensive and conducted small scale attack on the enemy front line. When the enemy became exhausted, he then released full-scale attack to achieve victory. Yet, the impatient Chongzhen emperor ordered his general to be more offensive.
Upon seeing enemy's rushing movement, Huangtaiji ordered his troops to set an ambush along enemy's retreat, while also seizing enemy's logistic supply. His troops then slaughtered every single retreating enemy, forcing Hong to conduct desperate attack. His sub-ordinates were in debate upon his plan, some argued that they should retreat to Ningyuan and resupply the troops. Without any official order, Wang Pu and some generals decided to retreat upon hearing that Huangtaiji himself is leading the army, and were horribly slaughtered by Huangtaiji. Only 50,000 survived the massacre.
At Hong's camp, there were only 10,000 soldiers left, and were forced to retreat into Songshan. Cao Bianjiao and Wang Yanchen managed to escape the encirclement and united with Hong. The siege of Songshan thus began.
Hopeless, Zu Dashou was forced to surrender at the 3rd day of the following month. The defense lines in Tashan and Xingshan were crushed at the 4th month, and the battle of Songjin ended.
Hong's surrender was a huge blow to the Ming dynasty after the execution of Yuan Chonghuan. There were no other competent generals left to protect the Ming empire. With the surrender of Wu Sangui, there was no obstacle left for the Manchus to conquer China proper.
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
: 松錦之戰) in 1640 was fought at Songshan
Songshan
Songshan District is a district of Taipei. The name of the district is historically spelled Sungshan. The Songshan Domestic Airport and the Taipei Arena are located here.-History:...
(Chinese
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
: 松山) and Jinzhou
Jinzhou
Jinzhou , is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province, China. It is a geographically strategic city located in the "Liaoxi Corridor" , which connects land transportation between North China and Northeast China. Jinzhou is China's northernmost seaport and the coastal economic center of West...
(Chinese
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
: 锦州), hence the name "Song-Jin". It spelled the end of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
. Hong Chengchou
Hong Chengchou
Hong Chengchou or Hung Cheng-chou was a Military commander from Fujian at the end of the Ming Dynasty.-Biography:...
's 130,000 elite troops, which was sent to break the siege of Jinzhou
Jinzhou
Jinzhou , is a prefecture-level city of Liaoning province, China. It is a geographically strategic city located in the "Liaoxi Corridor" , which connects land transportation between North China and Northeast China. Jinzhou is China's northernmost seaport and the coastal economic center of West...
, were crushed by the Eight banner armies of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
at Songshan
Songshan
Songshan District is a district of Taipei. The name of the district is historically spelled Sungshan. The Songshan Domestic Airport and the Taipei Arena are located here.-History:...
. Hong Chengchou and a small member of remnant army was sieged at Songshan and was defeated a few months later. Jinzhou garrison and the general Zu Dashou
Zu Dashou
Zu Dashou was a Ming General under Grand Secretary Sun Chengzong, Marshal Yuan Chonghuan and eventually Marshal Hong Chengchou. He later surrendered to Qing when he was surrounded and the Imperial Ming army commanded by Marshal Hong Chengchou sent to rescue Zu's garrison was defeated.-References:...
surrendered to the Qing army shortly after the defeat of Ming armies at Songshan.
The Siege of Jinzhou
Since the time of Yuan ChonghuanYuan Chonghuan
Yuan Chonghuan was a famed patriot and military commander of the Ming Dynasty who battled the Manchus in Liaoning. A commander of Cantonese origin, Yuan Chonghuan was known to have excelled in artillery warfare and successfully incorporated Western tactics with those of the East...
, Ming dynasty rarely changed their defensive strategy over Liaodong. They concentrated at building fortresses, using the aid of canons and chose to defense rather than to offense. Qing army was frustrated by this defensive strategy, nevertheless Huangtaiji came with a simple solution by preparing logistic supply to maintain long time siege warfare.
Zu Dashou
Zu Dashou
Zu Dashou was a Ming General under Grand Secretary Sun Chengzong, Marshal Yuan Chonghuan and eventually Marshal Hong Chengchou. He later surrendered to Qing when he was surrounded and the Imperial Ming army commanded by Marshal Hong Chengchou sent to rescue Zu's garrison was defeated.-References:...
was by then in charge of defense in Jinzhou. Zu at first surrendered to Qing and offered to take Jinzhou. When he succeded taking Jinzhou, he re-changed his side again to Ming and took control of Jinzhou. In the 6th year of Chongde (1641) Jirgalang
Jirgalang
Jirgalang or Jirhalang , the sixth son of Nurhaci's younger brother Šurhaci of the Aisin Gioro clan, was a Manchu noble and an important military and political leader in the early years of the Qing dynasty. From 1638 to 1643, he took part in many military campaigns that helped bring down the fall...
ordered his troops to retake Jinzhou and lay siege to the city. Zu then sent a letter seeking reinforcement from Beijing. At the forth lunar month, Huangtaiji decided to maintain the siege upon Jinzhou.
Hong Chengshou's Reinforcement
Marshal Hong Chengchou was ordered by Chongzhen Emperor to rescue Zu Dashou and his army. Under his command, there were 8 area commander in chiefs (Zongbing) and 130,000 troops, which includes Wu SanguiWu Sangui
Wu Sangui was a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644...
and Cao Bianjiao's troops.
At the tenth lunar month, Hong left Shanhai Pass and summoned eight generals: Cao Bianjiao, Wang Yanchen, Bai Guang'en, Ma Ke, Wu Sangui
Wu Sangui
Wu Sangui was a Ming Chinese general who was instrumental in the succession of rule to the Qing Dynasty in 1644...
, Yang Guozhu, Wang Pu and Tang Tong. The Ming troops under their control were numbered up to 130,000 infantry heavily armed with matchlock muskets and 40,000 cavalry and were ordered to liberate Jinzhou. Meanwhile, Zu Dashou still maintained the defence of Jinzhou and used Songshan
Songshan
Songshan District is a district of Taipei. The name of the district is historically spelled Sungshan. The Songshan Domestic Airport and the Taipei Arena are located here.-History:...
, Xishan and Tashan as defensive wings. At the Qing side, generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi
Shang Kexi
Shang Kexi was a chinese general of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His family had migrated to Liaodong in 1576 and his father, Shangxue Li, served in the army guarding the northeast frontier. As his father did, Shang Kexi joined the army and guarded the frontier against the attack of the Jurchens...
were ordered to reinforce the troops laying siege over Jinzhou.
Hong positioned his troops on Mt. Rufeng which stands between Songshan and Jinzhou. First battle errupted and Qing forces were suffering a terrible defeat. When the news approached Huangtaiji, he decided to drown into the battlefield. Though numbered heavily, Hong decided to remain defensive and conducted small scale attack on the enemy front line. When the enemy became exhausted, he then released full-scale attack to achieve victory. Yet, the impatient Chongzhen emperor ordered his general to be more offensive.
Upon seeing enemy's rushing movement, Huangtaiji ordered his troops to set an ambush along enemy's retreat, while also seizing enemy's logistic supply. His troops then slaughtered every single retreating enemy, forcing Hong to conduct desperate attack. His sub-ordinates were in debate upon his plan, some argued that they should retreat to Ningyuan and resupply the troops. Without any official order, Wang Pu and some generals decided to retreat upon hearing that Huangtaiji himself is leading the army, and were horribly slaughtered by Huangtaiji. Only 50,000 survived the massacre.
At Hong's camp, there were only 10,000 soldiers left, and were forced to retreat into Songshan. Cao Bianjiao and Wang Yanchen managed to escape the encirclement and united with Hong. The siege of Songshan thus began.
The Siege of Songshan
Songshan then suffered the same fate with Jinzhou, running out of food supply and reinforcement. Hong Chengchou tried to break the encirclement for many times, yet always failed. His desperate sub-ordinate, Xia Chengde then secretly surrendered to Qing and promised to open the city gate. At the 18th day of the second lunar month at the following year, Qing troops succeded to rush in, and captured Hong Chengchou along with xunfu Qiu Minyang and some other generals. Qiu was then executed by Huangtaiji, along with Cao Bianjiao and Wang Yanchen, while Hong was taken alive to Shengjing.Hopeless, Zu Dashou was forced to surrender at the 3rd day of the following month. The defense lines in Tashan and Xingshan were crushed at the 4th month, and the battle of Songjin ended.
Aftermath
Huangtaiji regarded Hong Chengchou as an excellent and brilliant general, and offered him to surrender. Hong refused, but Fan Wencheng managed to persuade him to do so. Hong was then put into the Yellow Banner and appointed to be the military governor of Nanjing during the reign of Shunzhi. He also succeded to persuade numerous Southern Ming generals to surrender to the Qing government, and paved the way for the conquest of Southern China.Hong's surrender was a huge blow to the Ming dynasty after the execution of Yuan Chonghuan. There were no other competent generals left to protect the Ming empire. With the surrender of Wu Sangui, there was no obstacle left for the Manchus to conquer China proper.