Batı Raman oil field
Encyclopedia
The Batı Raman oil field (batı meaning west in Turkish
) is located in the Batman Province
, in the Southeastern Anatolia Region
of Turkey
. With the estimated reserves of 1.85 billion barrels (252×106 tonnes) and a production rate of around 7000 oilbbl/d from 204 wells (as of 2007), this is the largest and most productive oil field
in Turkey.
The field is 17 km long and 2–4 km wide and is oriented from east to west. It is located a few kilometers south from the city of Batman
, with the Raman oil field
lying to the east. The Batman River
is flowing nearby, on the western side of the Batman city. These two fields are separated by a narrow fault system.
The oil is classified as heavy. It has a density of 9.7–15 API
(1.002–0.966 g/cm3, 12 API or 1 g/cm3 on average) and a viscosity of 450–1000 cP. Oil is located at an average depth of 1310 meters and is capped by a layer of Garzan Limestone – a carbonate
of Cretaceous
period. The layer is about 64 m (210 ft) thick and lies at a depth of about 1320 m, it has an average porosity of 18%. Its measured permeability of 200–500 mD
is higher than calculated bulk values of 10–100 mD indicating presence of numerous cracks and fractures. The layer is rather heterogeneous, both laterally and vertically.
The field was discovered in 1961 and developed by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı
. Oil production began in 1962 at a rate of 400 oilbbl/d and rapidly increased to 9000 oilbbl/d in 1969 but then declined. The major oil production mechanism was expansion of fluid, which was pressurized to about 1800 psi, but the pressure dropped to about 400 psi due to extraction. Considering the high density and viscosity of the oil, only 1.5% of the deposit could be extracted by the natural mechanism and this limit was quickly exhausted – about 94 Moilbbl (5%) of oil has been recovered from the field by 2007. The pressure was raised by injecting water
and later carbon dioxide
. About 3.2 Moilbbl of water were pumped into the field in the period of 1971–1978, followed by CO2 injection in 1987. This increased production after 1987, which peaked at 13000 oilbbl/d in 1993 and is gradually declining since then. Only about 20 wells were drilled by 1967 but a hundred new ones were added by 1969. Some wells were abandoned then and their total number decreased to about 90 in 1987 but then was gradually raised again to about 200 by 1995. The productivity of most wells is close to 40 oilbbl/d.
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...
) is located in the Batman Province
Batman Province
Batman Province is a Turkish province southeast of Anatolia. The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010.The province is important because of its reserves and production of oil which was started in the 1940s. There is a 494-km long oil pipeline from Batman to the Turkish port of İskenderun....
, in the Southeastern Anatolia Region
Southeastern Anatolia Region
Southeastern Anatolia Region is one of Turkey's seven census-defined geographical regions . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Region to the west, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the north, Syria to the south, and Iraq to the southeast.-Provinces:...
of Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
. With the estimated reserves of 1.85 billion barrels (252×106 tonnes) and a production rate of around 7000 oilbbl/d from 204 wells (as of 2007), this is the largest and most productive oil field
Oil field
An oil field is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs typically extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, full exploitation entails multiple wells scattered across the area...
in Turkey.
The field is 17 km long and 2–4 km wide and is oriented from east to west. It is located a few kilometers south from the city of Batman
Batman, Turkey
Batman is a city in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and the capital of Batman Province. It lies on a plateau, 540 meters above sea level, near the confluence of the Batman River and the Tigris. The Batı Raman oil field, which is the largest oil field in Turkey, is located just outside...
, with the Raman oil field
Raman oil field
The Raman oil field is an oil field located in Batman, Batman Province, Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey. It was discovered in 1940 and developed by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı. It began production in 1948 and produces oil. The total proven reserves of the Raman oil field are around...
lying to the east. The Batman River
Batman River
The Batman River is a major tributary of the Tigris, joining it near the source of Tigris called Dicle River in southeast Turkey. It originates in the Anti-Taurus Mountains and flows approximately from north to south, passing near the city of Batman and forming a natural border between the Batman...
is flowing nearby, on the western side of the Batman city. These two fields are separated by a narrow fault system.
The oil is classified as heavy. It has a density of 9.7–15 API
API gravity
The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks...
(1.002–0.966 g/cm3, 12 API or 1 g/cm3 on average) and a viscosity of 450–1000 cP. Oil is located at an average depth of 1310 meters and is capped by a layer of Garzan Limestone – a carbonate
Carbonate minerals
Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion: CO32-.-Anhydrous carbonates:*Calcite group: Trigonal**Calcite CaCO3**Gaspeite CO3**Magnesite MgCO3**Otavite CdCO3**Rhodochrosite MnCO3**Siderite FeCO3**Smithsonite ZnCO3...
of Cretaceous
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...
period. The layer is about 64 m (210 ft) thick and lies at a depth of about 1320 m, it has an average porosity of 18%. Its measured permeability of 200–500 mD
Darcy
A darcy and millidarcy are units of permeability, named after Henry Darcy. They are not SI units, but they are widely used in petroleum engineering and geology. Like other measures of permeability, a darcy has the same units as area.-Definition:Permeability measures the ability of fluids to...
is higher than calculated bulk values of 10–100 mD indicating presence of numerous cracks and fractures. The layer is rather heterogeneous, both laterally and vertically.
The field was discovered in 1961 and developed by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı
Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakligi
Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı is the national oil and gas company of Turkey and one of the most important industrial companies in the country. The company had reserves of of oil equivalent in 2005, and the reserves are projected to increase to of oil equivalent in 2010...
. Oil production began in 1962 at a rate of 400 oilbbl/d and rapidly increased to 9000 oilbbl/d in 1969 but then declined. The major oil production mechanism was expansion of fluid, which was pressurized to about 1800 psi, but the pressure dropped to about 400 psi due to extraction. Considering the high density and viscosity of the oil, only 1.5% of the deposit could be extracted by the natural mechanism and this limit was quickly exhausted – about 94 Moilbbl (5%) of oil has been recovered from the field by 2007. The pressure was raised by injecting water
Water injection (oil production)
Water injection refers to the method in oil industry where water is injected back into the reservoir, usually to increase pressure and thereby stimulate production. Water injection wells can be found both on- and offshore, to increase oil recovery from an existing reservoir...
and later carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide flooding
Carbon dioxide flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil....
. About 3.2 Moilbbl of water were pumped into the field in the period of 1971–1978, followed by CO2 injection in 1987. This increased production after 1987, which peaked at 13000 oilbbl/d in 1993 and is gradually declining since then. Only about 20 wells were drilled by 1967 but a hundred new ones were added by 1969. Some wells were abandoned then and their total number decreased to about 90 in 1987 but then was gradually raised again to about 200 by 1995. The productivity of most wells is close to 40 oilbbl/d.