Bernard Henry Bourdillon
Encyclopedia
Sir Bernard Henry Bourdillon (1883-1948) was a British
colonial administrator who was Governor of Uganda (1932-1935) and of Nigeria (1935-1943).
He grew up in England and South Africa, and was educated at Tonbridge School
in Tonbridge
, Kent
.
He attended St. John's College, Oxford, graduating in 1906.
In 1908 he entered the Indian Civil Service.
He married Violet Grace Billinghurst in November 1909.
In 1935 Violet was described as "the perfect Governor's wife".
In 1913 Bourdillon was appointed Under-Secretary to the Government of the United Provinces.
In 1915 he was made Registrar of the High Court of Allahabad.
While in India he earned a reputation as a linguist.
During the First World War, Bourdillon joined the army as a temporary Second Lieutenant in 1917, and was posted to Iraq in 1918.
He rose to the rank of Major, and during the Iraq insurrection of 1919 he was mentioned in despatches.
Bourdillon left the army in 1919 to join the Iraq civil administration, and was appointed Political Secretary to the High Commissioner of Iraq in 1921.
From 1924 to 1929 he was Counsellor. Between 1925 and 1926 he was High Commissioner with Plenipotentiary Powers in the negotiations over the 1926 Anglo-Iraq treaty.
In 1932 he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Uganda.
He was made Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Nigeria in 1935, holding this post until he retired in 1943.
Sir Bernard Bourdillon was aligned with the reforming trend in colonial policy, and rapidly gained the respect and friendship of the educated elite of Nigeria.
On 1 February 1938 he met with the Nigerian Youth Movement
to hear their complaints about the way in which the European Cocoa Pool agreement was limiting competition.
When asked to take a neutral position in the dispute he refused, saying he supported the African position.
A few days later the Colonial Office announced a commission of inquiry and soon after the pool was suspended.
Nnamdi Azikiwe
's West African Pilot
was full of praise for Bourdillon. He continued to remain on close terms with Nigerian opinion leaders throughout his term.
Britain was wary about getting drawn into permanent expenses with the colonies, and would advance loans only if the colonial government guaranteed to cover interest charges or repay the investment. This inhibited the poorer colonies from requesting support for development schemes. In 1939 Bourdillon wrote to the Secretary of State concerning the economic development of the African colonies. After describing how little had been spent on development and giving the reasons, he asked that the British government "should accept responsibility for financing the operations of the agricultural, forestry, geological survey, veterinary
and co-operative departments" under a ten-year program.
Bourdillion divided the south of Nigeria into Eastern and Western provinces in 1939.
In the early days in Nigeria the British had governed the north of Nigeria indirectly, through the traditional rulers of the Muslim emirates, and had kept the region somewhat isolated from the outside world. There was perhaps a subconscious view that the feudal society was not ready for the full impact of modern civilization. Sir Bernard Bourdillon decided that this was not a viable policy. In February 1942 he visited the leading Emirs and gave his opinion that they should not say "We will not have the southerners interfering in our affairs" but instead should say "we ought to have at least an equal say with the southerners in advising the Governor as the affairs of the whole country". The emirs accepted this advice.
Bourdillon recognized that the northerners were handicapped in comparison to the southerners by their lack of education and lack of English. Rather than simply expand the Legislative Council to include more northerners, he explored the idea of Regional Councils with a Central Council in Lagos that would review their findings.
However, he saw these councils as strictly advisory in nature, saying "a benevolent autocracy is the form of government best suited to a people who are educationally backward and whose relegion inculcates a blind obedience to authority".
This view of the non-political nature of the regional councils helped alleviate concerns that the proposed federal system would cause antagonism between state and federal authorities.
Bourdillon raised the question of whether Nigeria should be further subdivided into more than three regions.
Some officials thought that the Tiv and Idoma divisions and most of Kabba province should be detached from the north.
Some were in favour of more regions, each more homogenous ethnically, in a similar arrangement to that followed in East Africa. No further changes were made before Sir Bernard retired, handing over to Sir Authur Richards.
He became treasurer and then chairman of the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association.
He was a director of Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas), and of Barclays Overseas Development Corporation.
Bourdillon was appointed CMG, KBE, KCMG, GCMG.
He was made a knight of grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary fellow of St. John's College, Oxford.
He died on 6 February 1948 at St Saviour, Jersey aged 64.
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
colonial administrator who was Governor of Uganda (1932-1935) and of Nigeria (1935-1943).
Early years
Bourdillon was born on 3 December 1883 at Emu Bay, Tasmania.He grew up in England and South Africa, and was educated at Tonbridge School
Tonbridge School
Tonbridge School is a British boys' independent school for both boarding and day pupils in Tonbridge, Kent, founded in 1553 by Sir Andrew Judd . It is a member of the Eton Group, and has close links with the Worshipful Company of Skinners, one of the oldest London livery companies...
in Tonbridge
Tonbridge
Tonbridge is a market town in the English county of Kent, with a population of 30,340 in 2007. It is located on the River Medway, approximately 4 miles north of Tunbridge Wells, 12 miles south west of Maidstone and 29 miles south east of London...
, Kent
Kent
Kent is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of...
.
He attended St. John's College, Oxford, graduating in 1906.
In 1908 he entered the Indian Civil Service.
He married Violet Grace Billinghurst in November 1909.
In 1935 Violet was described as "the perfect Governor's wife".
In 1913 Bourdillon was appointed Under-Secretary to the Government of the United Provinces.
In 1915 he was made Registrar of the High Court of Allahabad.
While in India he earned a reputation as a linguist.
During the First World War, Bourdillon joined the army as a temporary Second Lieutenant in 1917, and was posted to Iraq in 1918.
He rose to the rank of Major, and during the Iraq insurrection of 1919 he was mentioned in despatches.
Bourdillon left the army in 1919 to join the Iraq civil administration, and was appointed Political Secretary to the High Commissioner of Iraq in 1921.
From 1924 to 1929 he was Counsellor. Between 1925 and 1926 he was High Commissioner with Plenipotentiary Powers in the negotiations over the 1926 Anglo-Iraq treaty.
Colonial service
Bourdillon transferred to the Colonial Civil Service in 1929 to take the post of Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, serving in this role until 1932 and twice acting as governor of Ceylon.In 1932 he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Uganda.
He was made Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Nigeria in 1935, holding this post until he retired in 1943.
Sir Bernard Bourdillon was aligned with the reforming trend in colonial policy, and rapidly gained the respect and friendship of the educated elite of Nigeria.
On 1 February 1938 he met with the Nigerian Youth Movement
Nigerian Youth Movement
The Nigerian Youth Movement was Nigeria's first genuine nationalist organization, founded in Lagos in 1933 with the name of Lagos Youth Movement and renamed the Nigerian Youth Movement in 1936.-Early years:Founding members included Dr...
to hear their complaints about the way in which the European Cocoa Pool agreement was limiting competition.
When asked to take a neutral position in the dispute he refused, saying he supported the African position.
A few days later the Colonial Office announced a commission of inquiry and soon after the pool was suspended.
Nnamdi Azikiwe
Nnamdi Azikiwe
Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe , usually referred to as Nnamdi Azikiwe and popularly known as "Zik", was one of the leading figures of modern Nigerian nationalism who became the first President of Nigeria after Nigeria secured its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1960; holding the...
's West African Pilot
West African Pilot
The West African Pilot was a newspaper launched in Nigeria by Nnamdi Azikiwe in 1937, dedicated to fightingfor independence from British colonial rule.-Foundation and growth:...
was full of praise for Bourdillon. He continued to remain on close terms with Nigerian opinion leaders throughout his term.
Britain was wary about getting drawn into permanent expenses with the colonies, and would advance loans only if the colonial government guaranteed to cover interest charges or repay the investment. This inhibited the poorer colonies from requesting support for development schemes. In 1939 Bourdillon wrote to the Secretary of State concerning the economic development of the African colonies. After describing how little had been spent on development and giving the reasons, he asked that the British government "should accept responsibility for financing the operations of the agricultural, forestry, geological survey, veterinary
Veterinary medicine
Veterinary Medicine is the branch of science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals...
and co-operative departments" under a ten-year program.
Bourdillion divided the south of Nigeria into Eastern and Western provinces in 1939.
In the early days in Nigeria the British had governed the north of Nigeria indirectly, through the traditional rulers of the Muslim emirates, and had kept the region somewhat isolated from the outside world. There was perhaps a subconscious view that the feudal society was not ready for the full impact of modern civilization. Sir Bernard Bourdillon decided that this was not a viable policy. In February 1942 he visited the leading Emirs and gave his opinion that they should not say "We will not have the southerners interfering in our affairs" but instead should say "we ought to have at least an equal say with the southerners in advising the Governor as the affairs of the whole country". The emirs accepted this advice.
Bourdillon recognized that the northerners were handicapped in comparison to the southerners by their lack of education and lack of English. Rather than simply expand the Legislative Council to include more northerners, he explored the idea of Regional Councils with a Central Council in Lagos that would review their findings.
However, he saw these councils as strictly advisory in nature, saying "a benevolent autocracy is the form of government best suited to a people who are educationally backward and whose relegion inculcates a blind obedience to authority".
This view of the non-political nature of the regional councils helped alleviate concerns that the proposed federal system would cause antagonism between state and federal authorities.
Bourdillon raised the question of whether Nigeria should be further subdivided into more than three regions.
Some officials thought that the Tiv and Idoma divisions and most of Kabba province should be detached from the north.
Some were in favour of more regions, each more homogenous ethnically, in a similar arrangement to that followed in East Africa. No further changes were made before Sir Bernard retired, handing over to Sir Authur Richards.
Later years
After retirement Bourdillon continued to serve on the Colonial Economic and Development Council.He became treasurer and then chairman of the British Empire Leprosy Relief Association.
He was a director of Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas), and of Barclays Overseas Development Corporation.
Bourdillon was appointed CMG, KBE, KCMG, GCMG.
He was made a knight of grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary fellow of St. John's College, Oxford.
He died on 6 February 1948 at St Saviour, Jersey aged 64.