Bidens mottle virus
Encyclopedia
Bidens mottle virus is a pathogenic plant virus
in the plant virus family Potyviridae
. BiMoV is a flexuous filamentous particle 720 nm long and belongs to the Potyviridae genus Potyvirus
. Like other viruses in this genus, Bidens mottle virus is transmitted both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion.
BiMoV was first described in 1968 by Steve Christie, John Edwardson and Bill Zettler from the Plant Pathology and Agronomy Departments at the University of Florida
, Gainesville, Florida. This virus was originally isolated from a mottled plant of the common weed Bidens
pilosa (Fig. 1) collected in Gainesville (FL) – hence the name Bidens mottle virus. At the same time it was also found in pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum
).
Figure 1. Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus in Bidens pilosa (hairy beggarticks). (B. pilosa can be doubly infected with BiMoV and a second virus called Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV). SYNV is asymptomatic in B. pilosa but it enhances the symptoms of BiMoV in this plant when both viruses are present.)
), the forage crop blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius
), and many ornamental [7] and bedding plants. It has also been found in five common weeds including the Mexican pricklepoppy (Argemone mexicana
) and the invasive weed, Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum
). In 2008, it was reported to infect bishop's weed (Ammi majus
), an umbelliferous plant grown in Florida for the cut flower trade.
Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus on Lark Daisy (Centratherum punctatum).
Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus in Faba bean (Vicia faba
).
One of the specific tests that a plant diagnostic laboratory might perform is an ELISA
or serological test where the plant sap is tested against virus specific antiserum made to the capsid protein of the virus. A PCR test can also be run using the RNA of the virus. A part of the viral genome
can be copied and sequenced and then compared to sequences of other potyviruses in the GenBank
. If the sequence of the segment matches to a known sequence at 90% or greater it can be assumed the virus in the plant is that same virus.
A third and less technical way used to diagnose some plant viruses is to inoculate a variety of other plants and match the known host range for a given plant virus. In addition, plant viruses make inclusion bodies
in plant cells that can be stained and seen in a light microscope. Bidens mottle has a distinctive host range and makes typical potyvirus inclusions.
One of the diagnostic hosts for this virus is the plant Zinnia
elegans. The virus makes easily recognizable viral inclusions called laminated aggregates and prominent symptoms on both the leaves and the flowers of this plant. (Symptoms and Inclusions of Bidens mottle virus infecting Zinnia elegans)
sequences of the two were 94% identical and the deduced amino acid
sequences were 98% identical. At the time it was suggested that SCSV and BiMoV were one and the same.
Another publication in 2008 directly compared the sequences of a second isolate of BiMoV from Florida to the sequence of SCSV from Taiwan. The authors of the article concluded that "the sunflower chlorotic spot virus described from Taiwan is in fact an isolate of BiMoV". In addition, an isolate of what was believed to be SCSV (based on sequences available in 2004) was found in the State of São Paulo in Brazil.
Taken together these reports likely mean that the geographical distribution of BiMoV now includes Taiwan and Brazil in addition to the USA. (It should be noted here that when two named viruses are found to be identical, precedence is given to the virus name reported first in the literature.)
Plant virus
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants...
in the plant virus family Potyviridae
Potyviridae
The Potyviridae are a family of plant viruses. They are . Their genome is composed of positive-sense RNA which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called in their hosts...
. BiMoV is a flexuous filamentous particle 720 nm long and belongs to the Potyviridae genus Potyvirus
Potyvirus
Potyviruses infect plants and belong to the family Potyviridae. The genus is named after the type virus - Potato Virus Y.The Potyvirus, like the Begomoviruses, have ~30% of the currently known plant viruses and have at least 180 definitive and possible members...
. Like other viruses in this genus, Bidens mottle virus is transmitted both mechanically by sap and by aphids in a stylet-borne fashion.
BiMoV was first described in 1968 by Steve Christie, John Edwardson and Bill Zettler from the Plant Pathology and Agronomy Departments at the University of Florida
University of Florida
The University of Florida is an American public land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research university located on a campus in Gainesville, Florida. The university traces its historical origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its present Gainesville campus since September 1906...
, Gainesville, Florida. This virus was originally isolated from a mottled plant of the common weed Bidens
Bidens
Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It contains about 200 species. The common names beggarticks, black jack, bur-marigolds, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the achene burrs on the seeds of this genus, most of which are barbed...
pilosa (Fig. 1) collected in Gainesville (FL) – hence the name Bidens mottle virus. At the same time it was also found in pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum
Lepidium virginicum
Lepidium virginicum, also known as Virginia pepperweed or peppergrass, is an annual or biennial plant in the Brassicaceae or mustard family. It is native to much of North America, including most of the United States and Mexico and southern regions of Canada, as well as most of Central America...
).
Figure 1. Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus in Bidens pilosa (hairy beggarticks). (B. pilosa can be doubly infected with BiMoV and a second virus called Sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV). SYNV is asymptomatic in B. pilosa but it enhances the symptoms of BiMoV in this plant when both viruses are present.)
Host range
Since its discovery and first characterization, BiMoV has been found to infect many other host plants (see host range). They include the agricultural crops lettuce, escarole, endive and faba bean (Vicia fabaVicia faba
This article refers to the Broad Bean plant. For Broadbean the company, see Broadbean, Inc.Vicia faba, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally...
), the forage crop blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius
Lupinus angustifolius
Lupinus angustifolius is a species of lupine known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupine and blue lupine. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa, and it is naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It is cultivated as a food crop for its edible legume seeds and as a...
), and many ornamental [7] and bedding plants. It has also been found in five common weeds including the Mexican pricklepoppy (Argemone mexicana
Argemone mexicana
Argemone mexicana is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in the United States, India and Ethiopia...
) and the invasive weed, Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum
Solanum viarum
Solanum viarum, the Tropical Soda Apple, is a perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina with a prickly stem and prickly leaves. The fruit is golf ball sized with the coloring of a watermelon...
). In 2008, it was reported to infect bishop's weed (Ammi majus
Ammi majus
Ammi majus, commonly known as bishop's flower, bishop’s weed, false bishop’s weed, bullwort, greater ammi, lady’s lace, Queen Anne's lace or laceflower, originates in the Nile River Valley and has white lace-like flower clusters...
), an umbelliferous plant grown in Florida for the cut flower trade.
Disease symptoms
As with all plant viruses, the symptoms exhibited on an infected plant depend on the plant species. Symptoms of BiMoV in various hosts have been described as mild to severe mottling, slight to severe leaf distortion, vein clearing and stunting. It can cause flower break symptoms and flower abortion in some hosts and at least one host has been found that shows no visible symptoms (see symptoms).
Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus on Lark Daisy (Centratherum punctatum).
Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus in Faba bean (Vicia faba
Vicia faba
This article refers to the Broad Bean plant. For Broadbean the company, see Broadbean, Inc.Vicia faba, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally...
).
Disease diagnosis
Correct diagnosis of any plant disease requires some expertise. Plants suspected of a viral infection should be sent to a plant disease diagnostic laboratory.One of the specific tests that a plant diagnostic laboratory might perform is an ELISA
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , is a popular format of a "wet-lab" type analytic biochemistry assay that uses one sub-type of heterogeneous, solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a substance in a liquid sample."Wet lab" analytic biochemistry assays involves detection of an...
or serological test where the plant sap is tested against virus specific antiserum made to the capsid protein of the virus. A PCR test can also be run using the RNA of the virus. A part of the viral genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
can be copied and sequenced and then compared to sequences of other potyviruses in the GenBank
GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. This database is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence...
. If the sequence of the segment matches to a known sequence at 90% or greater it can be assumed the virus in the plant is that same virus.
A third and less technical way used to diagnose some plant viruses is to inoculate a variety of other plants and match the known host range for a given plant virus. In addition, plant viruses make inclusion bodies
Inclusion bodies
Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stainable substances, usually proteins. They typically represent sites of viral multiplication in a bacterium or a eukaryotic cell and usually consist of viral capsid proteins...
in plant cells that can be stained and seen in a light microscope. Bidens mottle has a distinctive host range and makes typical potyvirus inclusions.
One of the diagnostic hosts for this virus is the plant Zinnia
Zinnia
Zinnia is a genus of 20 species of annual and perennial plants of family Asteraceae, originally from scrub and dry grassland in an area stretching from the American Southwest to South America, but primarily Mexico, and notable for their solitary long-stemmed flowers that come in a variety of bright...
elegans. The virus makes easily recognizable viral inclusions called laminated aggregates and prominent symptoms on both the leaves and the flowers of this plant. (Symptoms and Inclusions of Bidens mottle virus infecting Zinnia elegans)
Geographic distribution
Until 2007 the only place this virus was known was in the USA, in particular in the state of Florida. In 2007, the virus was identified in a new host in Florida and it was partially sequenced for the first time [12]. When the sequence of 247 base pairs was compared to other potyvirus sequences in GenBank it matched a virus found in Taiwan tentatively called Sunflower chlorotic spot virus (SCSV) whose sequence had been deposited in the GenBank in 2001 (GenBank Accession No. AF538686). The nucleotideNucleotide
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...
sequences of the two were 94% identical and the deduced amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
sequences were 98% identical. At the time it was suggested that SCSV and BiMoV were one and the same.
Another publication in 2008 directly compared the sequences of a second isolate of BiMoV from Florida to the sequence of SCSV from Taiwan. The authors of the article concluded that "the sunflower chlorotic spot virus described from Taiwan is in fact an isolate of BiMoV". In addition, an isolate of what was believed to be SCSV (based on sequences available in 2004) was found in the State of São Paulo in Brazil.
Taken together these reports likely mean that the geographical distribution of BiMoV now includes Taiwan and Brazil in addition to the USA. (It should be noted here that when two named viruses are found to be identical, precedence is given to the virus name reported first in the literature.)
Prevention and Control
Control measures for all plant viruses include prevention and eradication. Bidens mottle virus can be avoided in field crops such as lettuce and endive or in bedding plants such as Ageratum by the removal of weed hosts from areas surrounding the crops and control of aphids. For greenhouse ornamentals propagated by vegetative means, like Fittonia, control requires the removal of infected plants from the propagation stock and the sanitation of tools used in the propagation process.External links
- Descriptions of Plant Viruses - Bidens mottle virus
- Plant Viruses Online – VIDE Database - Bidens mottle virus
- ICTVdB The Universal Virus Database: Bidens mottle virus
- Descriptions of Plant Viruses - About Plant Viruses
- Descriptions of Plant Viruses - Potyviridae
- The Big Picture Book of Viruses: Potyviridae