Blackcap
Encyclopedia
The Blackcap is a common and widespread sylviid warbler
which breeds throughout temperate Europe
, western Asia
(east to about 85°E) and northwestern Africa
, and winters from northwestern Europe south to tropical Africa. Its colour pattern is unique in the genus
Sylvia; the Blackcap's closest living relative is the Garden Warbler
which looks different but has a fairly similar song. These two, whose ranges extend farther northeastwards than most other Sylvia species (except for Lesser Whitethroat
and Common Whitethroat), seem to form sister species well distinct from the other typical warblers.
, mainly grey in plumage
. Like most Sylvia species, it has distinct male and female plumages: The male has the small black cap from which the species gets its name, whereas in the female the cap is brown. It is a bird of shady woodlands with ground cover for nesting. The nest is built in a low shrub, and 3–6 eggs
are laid. The song is a pleasant chattering with some clearer notes; it can be confused with that of the Garden Warbler, but in the Blackcap, it is slightly higher pitched, more broken into discrete individual songs (more continuous rambling song in Garden Warbler) and characteristically ends with an emphatic fluting warble. In isolated Blackcap populations (such as in valleys or on peninsulas and small islands), a simplified song can occur; this song is said to have a Leiern-type ("drawling") ending after the term used by German ornithologists who first described it. The introduction is like that in other Blackcaps, but the final warbling part is a simple alteration between two notes, as in a Great Tit
's call but more fluting.
are accepted:
The variation is minimal and largely clinal, making subspecific boundaries hard to define. S. a. heineken and S. a. gularis are prone to melanism
on the Atlantic Islands, but only exceptionally on the European mainland; melanistic birds have the whole head and upper breast black in males, and females and the rest of the body in males darker grey-brown. The exact distribution of S. a. heineken is unclear; as well as the Canary Islands (from where it was described) and Madeira, birds from the Atlantic coasts of Iberia
and northwest Africa may also be referrable to it. The melanistic birds, morph obscura, were at first considered a distinct subspecies.
bird is partially migratory
; central and northern European breeders winter in southern Europe and north Africa
, where the local populations are resident. It is hardier than most warblers, partly because it will readily eat small berries as well as the more typical warbler diet of insect
s.
In recent years, substantial numbers of central European birds have taken to wintering in gardens in Great Britain
, Ireland
, the Benelux
countries, and even southern Scandinavia
, migrating northwest or north, instead of southwest. Presumably the ready availability of food, particularly from bird tables, and the avoidance of migration over the Alps
and the Sahara Desert compensate for the sub-optimal climate. Bearhop et al. (2005) reported that German birds wintering in England tend to mate only among themselves, and not usually with those wintering in the Mediterranean or western Africa. This is because the short-distance migrants arrive back from the wintering grounds for breeding earlier than birds wintering around the Mediterranean, and form pairs before Mediterranean-wintering birds arrive. The authors point out that division of a population by different migration routes can be a first step towards speciation
. The increasing populations have been traced to a tiny population of Blackcaps caught in Germany which exhibited a tendency to migrate in a north-westerly direction (instead of the majority that migrate southwards across the Alps to Africa) - the combination of more food and milder temperatures in Britain means that the birds that migrate from Germany to Britain are now apparently at an advantage over those migrating south. It has been postulated that they are spared the long flight to and from Africa and their overwinter survival rate may be relatively high and they may also gain better breeding grounds and territories as they return earlier in the spring than the birds that winter in Africa. This recent change has been related to the recent environmental changes in Britain as the Blackcap populations wintering in Britain did not have this survival advantage and hence the populations were much smaller.
. Storia di una capinera http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108226/ is a 1993 movie directed by Franco Zeffirelli
and distributed with the international title "Sparrow
". The Blackcap is considered a delicacy
in some Mediterranean countries where many are illegally trapped and killed every year. The Blackcap's call symbolises St Francis
in Messiaen's opera, Saint-François d'Assise
.
Typical warbler
The typical warblers are small birds belonging to the genus Sylvia in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae. There are 28 species currently included in the genus, including five species formerly treated in the genus Parisoma, a treatment which left Sylvia paraphyletic...
which breeds throughout temperate Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, western Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
(east to about 85°E) and northwestern Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, and winters from northwestern Europe south to tropical Africa. Its colour pattern is unique in the genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Sylvia; the Blackcap's closest living relative is the Garden Warbler
Garden Warbler
The Garden Warbler, Sylvia borin, is a common and widespread typical warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe into western Asia. This small passerine bird is strongly migratory, and winters in central and southern Africa...
which looks different but has a fairly similar song. These two, whose ranges extend farther northeastwards than most other Sylvia species (except for Lesser Whitethroat
Lesser Whitethroat
The Lesser Whitethroat is a common and widespread typical warbler which breeds in temperate Europe, except the southwest, and in western and central Asia. This small passerine bird is strongly migratory, wintering in Africa just south of the Sahara, Arabia and India.Unlike many typical warblers,...
and Common Whitethroat), seem to form sister species well distinct from the other typical warblers.
Description
It is a robust typical warblerTypical warbler
The typical warblers are small birds belonging to the genus Sylvia in the "Old World warbler" family Sylviidae. There are 28 species currently included in the genus, including five species formerly treated in the genus Parisoma, a treatment which left Sylvia paraphyletic...
, mainly grey in plumage
Plumage
Plumage refers both to the layer of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage vary between species and subspecies and can also vary between different age classes, sexes, and season. Within species there can also be a...
. Like most Sylvia species, it has distinct male and female plumages: The male has the small black cap from which the species gets its name, whereas in the female the cap is brown. It is a bird of shady woodlands with ground cover for nesting. The nest is built in a low shrub, and 3–6 eggs
Egg (biology)
An egg is an organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop. In most birds, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, and monotremes, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, which is expelled from the body and permitted to develop outside the body until the developing...
are laid. The song is a pleasant chattering with some clearer notes; it can be confused with that of the Garden Warbler, but in the Blackcap, it is slightly higher pitched, more broken into discrete individual songs (more continuous rambling song in Garden Warbler) and characteristically ends with an emphatic fluting warble. In isolated Blackcap populations (such as in valleys or on peninsulas and small islands), a simplified song can occur; this song is said to have a Leiern-type ("drawling") ending after the term used by German ornithologists who first described it. The introduction is like that in other Blackcaps, but the final warbling part is a simple alteration between two notes, as in a Great Tit
Great Tit
The Great Tit is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central and Northern Asia, and parts of North Africa in any sort of woodland. It is generally resident, and most Great Tits do not migrate except in extremely...
's call but more fluting.
Systematics
Five subspeciesSubspecies
Subspecies in biological classification, is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, ora taxonomic unit in that rank . A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more, never just one...
are accepted:
- Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla. Breeds Europe (except Mediterranean area), northwestern Asia; winters northwestern Europe south to tropical western Africa.
- Sylvia atricapilla gularis (syn. S. a. atlantis). Breeds and winters Azores and Cape Verde.
- Sylvia atricapilla heineken (syn. S. a. obscura). Breeds and winters Madeira, Canary Islands, southwestern Iberia, and (?) Morocco, Algeria.
- Sylvia atricapilla pauluccii. Breeds and winters eastern Iberia, Italy, western Mediterranean islands, and (?) Tunisia.
- Sylvia atricapilla dammholzi. Breeds southwestern Asia; winters tropical eastern Africa.
The variation is minimal and largely clinal, making subspecific boundaries hard to define. S. a. heineken and S. a. gularis are prone to melanism
Melanism
Melanism is an undue development of dark-colored pigment in the skin or its appendages, and the opposite of albinism. It is also the medical term for black jaundice.The word is deduced from the , meaning black pigment....
on the Atlantic Islands, but only exceptionally on the European mainland; melanistic birds have the whole head and upper breast black in males, and females and the rest of the body in males darker grey-brown. The exact distribution of S. a. heineken is unclear; as well as the Canary Islands (from where it was described) and Madeira, birds from the Atlantic coasts of Iberia
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
and northwest Africa may also be referrable to it. The melanistic birds, morph obscura, were at first considered a distinct subspecies.
Behaviour
This small passerinePasserine
A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial vertebrate orders: with over 5,000 identified species, it has roughly...
bird is partially migratory
Bird migration
Bird migration is the regular seasonal journey undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular or in only one direction...
; central and northern European breeders winter in southern Europe and north Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, where the local populations are resident. It is hardier than most warblers, partly because it will readily eat small berries as well as the more typical warbler diet of insect
Insect
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
s.
In recent years, substantial numbers of central European birds have taken to wintering in gardens in Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
, Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
, the Benelux
Benelux
The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe comprising three neighbouring countries, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. These countries are located in northwestern Europe between France and Germany...
countries, and even southern Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
, migrating northwest or north, instead of southwest. Presumably the ready availability of food, particularly from bird tables, and the avoidance of migration over the Alps
Alps
The Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....
and the Sahara Desert compensate for the sub-optimal climate. Bearhop et al. (2005) reported that German birds wintering in England tend to mate only among themselves, and not usually with those wintering in the Mediterranean or western Africa. This is because the short-distance migrants arrive back from the wintering grounds for breeding earlier than birds wintering around the Mediterranean, and form pairs before Mediterranean-wintering birds arrive. The authors point out that division of a population by different migration routes can be a first step towards speciation
Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook seems to have been the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or 'cladogenesis,' as opposed to 'anagenesis' or 'phyletic evolution' occurring within lineages...
. The increasing populations have been traced to a tiny population of Blackcaps caught in Germany which exhibited a tendency to migrate in a north-westerly direction (instead of the majority that migrate southwards across the Alps to Africa) - the combination of more food and milder temperatures in Britain means that the birds that migrate from Germany to Britain are now apparently at an advantage over those migrating south. It has been postulated that they are spared the long flight to and from Africa and their overwinter survival rate may be relatively high and they may also gain better breeding grounds and territories as they return earlier in the spring than the birds that winter in Africa. This recent change has been related to the recent environmental changes in Britain as the Blackcap populations wintering in Britain did not have this survival advantage and hence the populations were much smaller.
Cultural references
The presence and sounds of this bird have since long inspired Italian writers. "La Capinera" (Italian for Blackcap) is the title of one of the most famous poems by Giovanni PascoliGiovanni Pascoli
Giovanni Placido Agostino Pascoli was an Italian poet and classical scholar.- Biography :Giovanni Pascoli was born at San Mauro di Romagna , into a well-to-do family. He was the fourth of ten children of Ruggero Pascoli and Caterina Vincenzi Alloccatelli...
. Storia di una capinera http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108226/ is a 1993 movie directed by Franco Zeffirelli
Franco Zeffirelli
Franco Zeffirelli KBE is an Italian director and producer of films and television. He is also a director and designer of operas and a former senator for the Italian center-right Forza Italia party....
and distributed with the international title "Sparrow
Sparrow (1993 film)
Sparrow is a 1993 Italian drama film directed by Franco Zeffirelli. It is an adaptation of Giovanni Verga's novel, Storia di una capinera and was filmed in Sicily in 1993...
". The Blackcap is considered a delicacy
Delicacy
A delicacy is a food item that is considered highly desirable in certain cultures. Often this is because of unusual flavors or characteristics or because it is rare....
in some Mediterranean countries where many are illegally trapped and killed every year. The Blackcap's call symbolises St Francis
Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi was an Italian Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men's Franciscan Order, the women’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis. St...
in Messiaen's opera, Saint-François d'Assise
Saint-François d'Assise
Saint François d'Assise is an opera in three acts and eight scenes by French composer and librettist Olivier Messiaen, written from 1975 to 1983. It concerns Saint Francis of Assisi, the title character, and displays the composer's devout Catholicism...
.
External links
- Blackcap videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Madeira Birds: Blackcap
- Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta
- Avibase