Bob Murawski
Encyclopedia
Bob Murawski is an American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 film editor as well as a film distributor of cult horror and independent films under the "Box Office Spectaculars" and "Grindhouse Releasing
Grindhouse Releasing
Grindhouse Releasing is a Hollywood-based cult film distribution company owned by director/actor Sage Stallone and headed up by film editor Bob Murawski...

" labels. He was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E
American Cinema Editors
Founded in 1950, American Cinema Editors is an honorary society of film editors that are voted in based on the qualities of professional achievements, their education of others, and their dedication to editing itself. The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E...

. awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

, shared with co-editor, Chris Innis
Chris Innis
Christina Jean "Chris" Innis is an American film editor and filmmaker. She was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker, shared with co-editor, Bob Murawski...

. He often works with film director
Film director
A film director is a person who directs the actors and film crew in filmmaking. They control a film's artistic and dramatic nathan roach, while guiding the technical crew and actors.-Responsibilities:...

 Sam Raimi
Sam Raimi
Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi is an American film director, producer, actor and writer. He is best known for directing cult horror films like the Evil Dead series, Darkman and Drag Me to Hell, as well as the blockbuster Spider-Man films and the producer of the successful TV series Hercules: The...

, having edited the first three original Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American film production and distribution company. Columbia Pictures now forms part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. It is one of the leading film companies...

' Spider-Man films. He is an elected member of the American Cinema Editors
American Cinema Editors
Founded in 1950, American Cinema Editors is an honorary society of film editors that are voted in based on the qualities of professional achievements, their education of others, and their dedication to editing itself. The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E...

.

Early life and career

Murawski was born in Detroit, Michigan and grew up in the northeast part of the state. He was the valedictorian
Valedictorian
Valedictorian is an academic title conferred upon the student who delivers the closing or farewell statement at a graduation ceremony. Usually, the valedictorian is the highest ranked student among those graduating from an educational institution...

 at his high school in Bad Axe, Michigan, and graduated from Michigan State University
Michigan State University
Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act.MSU pioneered the studies of packaging,...

 with a major in Telecommunications. Soon after graduation, he interned with Detroit-based film sub-distributor, Bob Mason of Mason Releasing.

Murawski then moved to Hollywood, where he worked as an assistant editor on several low budget films. One of these assistant editing jobs was for film director Sam Raimi
Sam Raimi
Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi is an American film director, producer, actor and writer. He is best known for directing cult horror films like the Evil Dead series, Darkman and Drag Me to Hell, as well as the blockbuster Spider-Man films and the producer of the successful TV series Hercules: The...

 on Raimi's comic-book-inspired picture, Darkman
Darkman
Darkman is a 1990 superhero action film directed by Sam Raimi. It is based on a short story Raimi wrote that paid homage to Universal's horror films of the 1930s...

.

Film editing

Murawski has largely worked as a film editor, primarily for director/producer Sam Raimi
Sam Raimi
Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi is an American film director, producer, actor and writer. He is best known for directing cult horror films like the Evil Dead series, Darkman and Drag Me to Hell, as well as the blockbuster Spider-Man films and the producer of the successful TV series Hercules: The...

, on films including Army of Darkness
Army of Darkness
Army of Darkness, also known as Evil Dead III: Army of Darkness or simply Evil Dead III, is a 1992 horror comedy fantasy action film directed by Sam Raimi. It is the third and final installment in The Evil Dead trilogy. The film was written by Raimi and his brother Ivan, produced by Robert Tapert,...

,The Gift, Drag Me to Hell
Drag Me to Hell
Drag Me to Hell is a 2009 American horror film, directed by Sam Raimi, with a screenplay by Sam and Ivan Raimi. The plot focuses on loan officer Christine Brown , who tries to impress her boss by refusing to extend a loan to a gypsy woman by the name of Mrs. Ganush...

and the Spider-Man
Spider-Man (film)
Spider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film, the first in the Spider-Man film series based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and written by David Koepp...

series of films. He also co-edited the Academy Award winning film, The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

with editor Chris Innis. Raimi has said of working with Murawski:
"He’d come (down to the set) to see how things were going and to let me know if he’d just cut something that wasn’t working the way he’d wanted it to, or to suggest a pick-up shot I should get for a piece he felt we needed in a sequence I hadn’t realized I needed. He’s very detail-oriented... So we’re very close collaborators."
Raimi finds editing with Murawski to be "relaxing", adding:
"I love it... I can watch the film come together, so it’s a time of discovery for me as Bob and I fit all the pieces together."


Murawski has also cut music videos for such groups as The Ramones, Motorhead, and Sublime
Sublime (band)
Sublime was an American ska punk band from Long Beach, California, formed in 1988. The band's line-up, unchanged until their breakup, consisted of Bradley Nowell , Eric Wilson and Bud Gaugh . Michael "Miguel" Happoldt also contributed on a few Sublime songs, such as "New Thrash." Lou Dog, Nowell's...

. He is represented by agents Paul Hook, Dan Baime and Craig Bernstein at International Creative Management
International Creative Management
International Creative Management is a talent and literary agency with offices in Los Angeles, New York, and London. ICM is a full-service agency representing creative and technical talent in the fields of motion pictures, television, fiction and nonfiction publishing, music, live performance,...

 (ICM).

Film distribution

Murawski runs Grindhouse Releasing
Grindhouse Releasing
Grindhouse Releasing is a Hollywood-based cult film distribution company owned by director/actor Sage Stallone and headed up by film editor Bob Murawski...

, a company that restores, preserves, and distributes classic cult and Euro-horror films. Murawski's partner at Grindhouse is actor/director Sage Stallone
Sage Stallone
Sage Moonblood Stallone is an American actor, director, producer and writer.-Early life:Stallone is the son of Sasha Czack and actor Sylvester Stallone. He is the brother of Seargeoh Stallone, and half-brother of Sistine, Sophia and Scarlet Stallone. His uncle is actor/singer Frank Stallone and...

. Murawski also runs his own distribution arm, Box Office Spectaculars. The two labels have digitally remastered classic cult horror and independent films such as Make Them Die Slowly (aka Cannibal Ferox
Cannibal Ferox
Cannibal Ferox, also known as Make Them Die Slowly, is a 1981 Italian exploitation film written and directed by Umberto Lenzi. Upon its release, the film made claims to being "The most violent film ever made"...

), Lucio Fulci's spaghetti-horror masterpiece, E tu vivrai nel terrore (aka The Beyond) as well as Cannibal Holocaust
Cannibal Holocaust
Cannibal Holocaust is a 1980 Italian horror film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici. Filmed in the Amazon Rainforest and dealing with indigenous tribes, it was cast mostly with United States actors and filmed in English to achieve wider distribution...

, I Drink Your Blood
I Drink Your Blood
I Drink Your Blood is a cult horror film originally released in 1970. The film was written and directed by David E. Durston, produced by Jerry Gross, and starred Bhaskar Roy Chowdhury and Lynn Lowry ....

(1970) (directed by David E. Durston
David E. Durston
David E. Durston is an American screenwriter and film director best known for directing the Charles Manson-inspired cult classic drive-in horror exploitation film, I Drink Your Blood, which was released in 1970....

), and director Juan Piquer Simón
Juan Piquer Simón
Juan Piquer Simón was a Spanish film director most well known for directing the cult classic horror exploitation films, Pieces and Slugs: The Movie ....

's cult horror film, Pieces. The company is currently presenting a theatrical release of An American Hippie in Israel and Duke Mitchell
Duke Mitchell
Duke Mitchell was an American film actor, slapstick comedian, crooner and independent film director. Mitchell often performed his nightclub act in and around Palm Springs, California and anointed himself the "King of Palm Springs."-Early life and career:Mitchell was born Dominic Miceli in Farrell,...

's previously unreleased independent feature, Gone with the Pope. Box Office Spectaculars and Grindhouse are also currently handling the theatrical re-release and negative restoration of director Sam Raimi
Sam Raimi
Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi is an American film director, producer, actor and writer. He is best known for directing cult horror films like the Evil Dead series, Darkman and Drag Me to Hell, as well as the blockbuster Spider-Man films and the producer of the successful TV series Hercules: The...

's cult horror film, The Evil Dead
The Evil Dead (franchise)
The Evil Dead is a trilogy of horror films created by Sam Raimi. The films focus on the protagonist, Ashley "Ash" J. Williams, played by Bruce Campbell, who deals with "deadites", which are undead antagonists created by the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis. The film series has since expanded into other...

.

Grindhouse Releasing has been described as the "Criterion" of horror film distribution, based on the technical quality and bonus materials on their DVD releases. Grindhouse releases on the Warner Music Group/Ryko distribution label (now called Alternative Distribution Alliance, "ADA").

Personal life

Murawski is married to fellow editor Christina "Chris" Innis
Chris Innis
Christina Jean "Chris" Innis is an American film editor and filmmaker. She was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker, shared with co-editor, Bob Murawski...

. The two editors met while working together on the Universal/CBS television series American Gothic
American Gothic (TV series)
American Gothic is an American horror series created by Shaun Cassidy and executive produced by Sam Raimi. The show first aired on CBS on September 22, 1995, and was cancelled after a single season on July 11, 1996.-Plot:...

and married in 2008. They have worked together for several Grindhouse Releasing/Box Office Spectaculars DVD releases, as well as on other feature film editing projects such as The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker
The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

, The Gift, Spider-Man
Spider-Man (film)
Spider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film, the first in the Spider-Man film series based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and written by David Koepp...

, and Spider-Man 3
Spider-Man 3
Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film written and directed by Sam Raimi, with a screenplay by Ivan Raimi and Alvin Sargent. It is the third film in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man...

.

Film Editor

  • Darkman
    Darkman
    Darkman is a 1990 superhero action film directed by Sam Raimi. It is based on a short story Raimi wrote that paid homage to Universal's horror films of the 1930s...

    (1990) (Assistant Editor, credited as "Director of Stock Footage")
  • Hard Target
    Hard Target
    Hard Target is a 1993 American action film directed by Chinese director John Woo. The film stars Jean-Claude Van Damme as Chance Boudreaux, an out-of-work Cajun merchant seaman who saves a young woman, Natasha Binder , from a gang of thugs in New Orleans...

    (1993)
  • Army of Darkness
    Army of Darkness
    Army of Darkness, also known as Evil Dead III: Army of Darkness or simply Evil Dead III, is a 1992 horror comedy fantasy action film directed by Sam Raimi. It is the third and final installment in The Evil Dead trilogy. The film was written by Raimi and his brother Ivan, produced by Robert Tapert,...

    (1993)
  • Night of the Scarecrow (1995)
  • American Gothic
    American Gothic (TV series)
    American Gothic is an American horror series created by Shaun Cassidy and executive produced by Sam Raimi. The show first aired on CBS on September 22, 1995, and was cancelled after a single season on July 11, 1996.-Plot:...

    (1995–1996) TV series (Editor: Title sequence & Recaps)
  • From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money
    From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money
    From Dusk till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money is a 1999 American horror film and the sequel to From Dusk till Dawn. It was co-written and directed by Scott Spiegel, co-writer of Evil Dead 2 and director of Intruder....

    (1999)
  • The Gift (2000) (with editor Arthur Coburn)
  • Spider-Man
    Spider-Man (film)
    Spider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film, the first in the Spider-Man film series based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. It was directed by Sam Raimi and written by David Koepp...

    (2002) (with editor Arthur Coburn)
  • Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi, written by Alvin Sargent and developed by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Michael Chabon. It is the second film in the Spider-Man film franchise based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man...

    (2004)
  • Spider-Man 3
    Spider-Man 3
    Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film written and directed by Sam Raimi, with a screenplay by Ivan Raimi and Alvin Sargent. It is the third film in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man...

    (2007)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    (2009) (with editor Chris Innis
    Chris Innis
    Christina Jean "Chris" Innis is an American film editor and filmmaker. She was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker, shared with co-editor, Bob Murawski...

    )
  • Drag Me to Hell
    Drag Me to Hell
    Drag Me to Hell is a 2009 American horror film, directed by Sam Raimi, with a screenplay by Sam and Ivan Raimi. The plot focuses on loan officer Christine Brown , who tries to impress her boss by refusing to extend a loan to a gypsy woman by the name of Mrs. Ganush...

    (2009)
  • The Resident (2010) (with editor Stuart Levy)
  • Priest (2011) (additional editing)

Film distributor

  • Cannibal Ferox
    Cannibal Ferox
    Cannibal Ferox, also known as Make Them Die Slowly, is a 1981 Italian exploitation film written and directed by Umberto Lenzi. Upon its release, the film made claims to being "The most violent film ever made"...

    - (Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing is a Hollywood-based cult film distribution company owned by director/actor Sage Stallone and headed up by film editor Bob Murawski...

    ) - released LD: 1997; VHS: 1999: DVD: July 2000
  • Cat in the Brain
    A Cat in the Brain
    Cat in the Brain is a 1990 Italian horror-slasher film written and directed by Italian horror filmmaker Lucio Fulci....

    - (Box Office Spectaculars) - released LD: 1998, DVD: 2009
  • The Beyond - (Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing is a Hollywood-based cult film distribution company owned by director/actor Sage Stallone and headed up by film editor Bob Murawski...

    ) - released DVD: October 2000, re-released 2008
  • I Drink Your Blood
    I Drink Your Blood
    I Drink Your Blood is a cult horror film originally released in 1970. The film was written and directed by David E. Durston, produced by Jerry Gross, and starred Bhaskar Roy Chowdhury and Lynn Lowry ....

    - (Box Office Spectaculars) - released DVD: 2002; re-released 2006
  • Cannibal Holocaust
    Cannibal Holocaust
    Cannibal Holocaust is a 1980 Italian horror film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici. Filmed in the Amazon Rainforest and dealing with indigenous tribes, it was cast mostly with United States actors and filmed in English to achieve wider distribution...

    - (Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing
    Grindhouse Releasing is a Hollywood-based cult film distribution company owned by director/actor Sage Stallone and headed up by film editor Bob Murawski...

    ) - released DVD: 2005, re-released 2008
  • Pieces - (Box Office Spectaculars) - released DVD: October 2008
  • Gone with the Pope
    Gone with the Pope
    Gone with the Pope is a 1976 independent film written, directed and produced by Italian-American crooner-actor Duke Mitchell that was first released in 2010 by Grindhouse Releasing.-Plot:...

    - (Box Office Spectaculars / Grindhouse Releasing) - released 2010 (theatrical)
  • An American Hippie in Israel - (Box Office Spectaculars / Grindhouse Releasing)
    (DVD release, TBA)

Awards and nominations

  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ("Oscar")
    Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis
    Chris Innis
    Christina Jean "Chris" Innis is an American film editor and filmmaker. She was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker, shared with co-editor, Bob Murawski...

    )
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - BAFTA - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis
    Chris Innis
    Christina Jean "Chris" Innis is an American film editor and filmmaker. She was awarded the 2010 Academy Award, BAFTA, and A.C.E awards for "Best Film Editing" on the feature film, The Hurt Locker, shared with co-editor, Bob Murawski...

    )
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - ACE Eddie Award - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - The Online Film Critics Association - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - The Las Vegas Film Critics Association - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - Boston Society of Film Critics
    Boston Society of Film Critics
    The Boston Society of Film Critics is an organization of film reviewers from Boston, Massachusetts, United States, based publications.The BSFC was formed in 1981 to make "Boston's unique critical perspective heard on a national and international level by awarding commendations to the best of the...

     - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - The International Press Academy's Golden Satellite Award -
    Best Film Editing
    Satellite Award for Best Editing
    The Satellite Award for Best Editing is one of the annual Satellite Awards given by the International Press Academy.- Winners and nominees :The following listing is based on the web postings of the International Press Academy.- 1990s :- 2000s :...

    - (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Won) - International Cinephile Society award - Best Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Nominated) - The Broadcast Film Critics Association
    Critic's Choice Awards - Best Film Editing
    (shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker
    The Hurt Locker is a 2009 American war film about a three-man United States Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal team during the Iraq War. The film was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and the screenplay was written by Mark Boal, a freelance writer who was embedded as a journalist in 2004 with a US bomb...

    - (Nominated) - Hollywood Post Alliance Awards
    Outstanding Editing - Feature Film(shared with co-editor Chris Innis)
  • Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi, written by Alvin Sargent and developed by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Michael Chabon. It is the second film in the Spider-Man film franchise based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man...

    (Nominated) - 2004 Golden Satellite Awards, Satellite Award for Best Editing
    Satellite Award for Best Editing
    The Satellite Award for Best Editing is one of the annual Satellite Awards given by the International Press Academy.- Winners and nominees :The following listing is based on the web postings of the International Press Academy.- 1990s :- 2000s :...

  • Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2
    Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi, written by Alvin Sargent and developed by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Michael Chabon. It is the second film in the Spider-Man film franchise based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man...

    American Film Institute Awards 2004
    American Film Institute Awards 2004
    The American Film Institute Awards 2004 honored the best 10 Movies and 10 Television Programs of the year.-Films:*The Aviator *Collateral...

    , official selection for AFI
    American Film Institute
    The American Film Institute is an independent non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was established in 1967 when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act...

     top ten movies of the year.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK