Boleslaw II the Bald
Encyclopedia
Bolesław II the Rogatka (known also as "the Bald" or "the Horned") (ca. 1220/5 – 26/31 December 1278) was a Duke of Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...

 briefly in 1241, of Southern Greater Poland
Greater Poland
Greater Poland or Great Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań.The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history...

 during 1241–1247, and Duke of all Silesia
Silesia
Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...

–Wrocław from 1241 until 1248, when it was divided between him and his brothers. He was Duke of Środa Śląska
Sroda Slaska
Środa Śląska is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Środa Śląska County, and of the smaller administrative district called Gmina Środa Śląska. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany...

 in Silesia from 1277 onward. During his reign the second Mongol raid against Poland, led by Nogai Khan
Nogai Khan
Nogai , also called Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi...

 occurred.

He was the eldest son of Henry II the Pious
Henry II the Pious
Henry II the Pious , of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław and Duke of Kraków and thus High Duke of all Poland as well as Duke of Southern Greater Poland from 1238 until his death. During 1238–1239 he also served as a regent of two other Piast duchies: Sandomierz...

, Duke of Wrocław, by his wife Anna
Anna of Bohemia
Anna of Bohemia was the Duchess consort of Silesia ; she was the daughter of Ottokar I, King of Bohemia and his second wife Constance of Hungary. Her maternal grandparents were Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch-Life:Anna was born in Prague...

, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia
Ottokar I of Bohemia
-External links:...

.

Beginning of his reign and fight over the Greater Poland inheritance (1241–47)

Bolesław, in contrast to his father, didn't have to wait too long before ruling, because on 9 April 1241, during the Battle of Legnica
Battle of Legnica
The Battle of Legnica , also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt , was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole near the city of Legnica in Silesia on 9 April 1241.A combined force of Poles,...

 against the Mongols, Duke Henry II was killed after only three years being in charge. At the time of these tragic events, of the five sons of the Silesian Duke, only Bolesław and his immediate younger brother Mieszko could be considered adults and capable of ruling without a regency. However, during the first and difficult months of government, their mother Anna helped them. Some sources even speak directly of this period as her regency. Whatever was the case, this "regency" did not last too long and in the same year Bolesław formally began his personal reign, whose beginning wasn't successful. Although the Mongols, after conquering considerable areas of Silesia, soon withdrew to Hungary, without any intention of retaining those lands permanently, for Bolesław the situation wasn't easy. His paternal inheritance included Southern Greater Poland and Kraków, but soon revolts erupted from other Piast Dukes who wanted these lands. In Lesser Poland, by July 1241 a pretender to Kraków appeared: Konrad I of Masovia
Konrad I of Masovia
Konrad I of Masovia , from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia from 1194 until his death and High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232.-Life:...

. The war was not yet a defeat, thanks to the effective resistance against the Masovians organized by the Governor of Kraków, Clement of Ruszczy; however, the complete inaction of Bolesław disappointed the nobility, who quickly found a new candidate for the Kraków throne in Bolesław V the Chaste. In Greater Poland, the situation was not very different. After hearing the news of the defeat of Henry II in Legnica, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious decided to retake the district which once belonged to their father, Władysław Odonic. The nobility and knighthood of Greater Poland strongly supported them, because in their eyes, as a chronicler stated, they were the true heirs to those lands. This time, Bolesław decided to avoid any fighting and renounced all his Greater Poland lands. In exchange he obtained some districts, such as Santok
Santok
Santok is a village in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina called Gmina Santok. It is located at the confluence of the Noteć and Warta rivers, approximately east of Gorzów Wielkopolski...

 and Międzyrzecz
Miedzyrzecz
Międzyrzecz is a town in western Poland with 18,584 inhabitants . The capital of Międzyrzecz County, it was part of the Gorzów Wielkopolski Voivodeship from 1975–1998. Since the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998, Międzyrzecz has been situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship...

. However, the uncompromising attitude of the Dukes of Greater Poland and the increasing problems which this caused in the family ultimately forced Bolesław to resign his right to the lands and with these all his pretensions to Greater Poland, in 1247.

The first division of Lower Silesia (1248)

Bolesław initially didn't intend to make a division of his father's Silesian Duchy, and wanted to concentrate all the power in his hands. In 1242, after the unexpected death of his next brother Mieszko (who had received Lubusz as a Duchy) without issue, his lands reverted to him. Bolesław's resistance to share the government with his younger brothers only caused revolts against him; shortly after the young Silesian princes were able to imprison their older brother. These incidents caused Bolesław, until the end of his life, to be very suspicious about his environment and have further difficulties dealing with the government. As an interim of the revolts, Bolesław made an agreement with his brother Henry III the White in 1247, when he was declared co-ruler of Silesia. The cooperation between the brothers wasn't too good and, a year later, they decided to make a division of the districts Legnica
Legnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...

–Głogów–Lubusz and Wrocław. In addition, the brothers had pledged to offer hospitality to the younger brothers, Bolesław to Konrad
Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau
Konrad I of Głogów was Duke of Głogów from 1251 until his death.He was the fourth son of Henry II the Pious, Duke of Wroclaw, by his wife Anna, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.-Life:...

, and Henry to Władysław. Bolesław, as the older brother, had the opportunity to choose his district; he decided on Legnica, because there gold
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...

 was found in the Kaczawa
Kaczawa
The Kaczawa is a river in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It springs from the Kaczawskie Mountains near Kaczorów and flows north and northeast through the towns of Świerzawa, Złotoryja and Legnica...

 and Wierzbiak
Wierzbiak
Wierzbiak is a river of Poland....

 Rivers.

The choice of Legnica can also be explained by the growing conflict between Bolesław and the powerful Wrocław nobility, a problem which Henry III didn't have; shortly after he could take control of the duchy. But now Bolesław began to regret his choice and tried to recover Wrocław. Henry III, of course, refused to voluntarily give up his new duchy. The war was only a matter of time.

War against Henry III the White and Sale of Lubusz (1248–49)

Henry and Bolesław began preparations for the war, but didn't have adequate funds. In these circumstances, there was a most common practices during the period of regional divisions. Bolesław had married in 1242 Hedwig of Anhalt, daughter of Count Henry I
Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Henry I, Count of Anhalt was a German prince of the House of Ascania and Count of Anhalt.He was the oldest son of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxony and Count of Anhalt, by his wife Brigitte a daughter of Canute V of Denmark....

 and niece of the Landgraves of Thuringia
Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country.It has an area of and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states....

, and now he decided to use this family connection to find allies in his fight against his brother. The price for troops was put up by the Archbishop of Magdeburg
Magdeburg
Magdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe....

: half of Lubusz, which passed then to the hands of Brandenburg
Brandenburg
Brandenburg is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam...

, because at that time, Magdeburg was part of it.

Bolesław II, Duke of Legnica (1249–51)

The German aid only gave Bolesław a temporary advantage in the war against his brother. In 1249 his younger brother Konrad unexpectedly returned to the country (after concluding his studies in Paris). Bolesław unsuccessfully tried to convince to enter the Church. He proposed him as Bishop of Passau
Passau
Passau is a town in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also known as the Dreiflüssestadt or "City of Three Rivers," because the Danube is joined at Passau by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north....

 but Konrad refused and began to press his own claims to Silesia. Bolesław obviously refused his consent, so that the young prince took refuge at the court of Bolesław's long-time enemy, the Dukes of Greater Poland. Shortly after, Konrad reinforced his bonds with Duke Przemysł I after a double marriage: the Duke of Greater Poland with Konrad's sister Elizabeth, and himself with Duke Przemysł's sister, Salome. The final crash occurred two years later, when the Duke of Legnica was defeated by the combined forces of Przemysł I and Henry III the White, who supported the pretensions of his brother. Bolesław was finally forced to agree on the division of his own lands and give Głogów to Konrad. After this, the elder Duke of the Silesian branch only retained the small district of Legnica.

Agreement with Henry III the White (1252–56)

However, Bolesław needed another two years and the help of Henry III (who in this difficult situation eventually decided to give him his support) to recover in 1253 full authority over his Principality. Finally brotherly cooperation was imposed and for the next years was quite specific. With Henry III this wasn't the case, and the eventual struggles for the main power led to major clashes. But during this time, Bolesław made some agreements with the other Piast Dukes, especially with the princes of Greater Poland
Greater Poland
Greater Poland or Great Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań.The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history...

 and with Thomas I, Bishop of Wrocław, although Bolesław never forgive the Bishop that in the disputes with his brothers he always supported the younger princes.

Conflict with Bishop Thomas of Wrocław (1257–61)

Bolesław's conflict with the Bishop of Wrocław reached a more critical point in 1257, when the Duke of Legnica decided to dispose of him and incarcerate him at the Castle Wleń. It is unknown if Bolesław wanted with this act to take control over the local Church, but the immediate and direct consequence of his behavior was his excommunication
Excommunication
Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive, suspend or limit membership in a religious community. The word means putting [someone] out of communion. In some religions, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group...

 (Bolesław was already excommunicated twice, in 1248 and 1249, but was later forgiven by the Bishop. Both excomnications were removed only after approval of the Church) and the call to all his neighbors to a crusade against him. Unexpectedly, only his brothers quickly intervened and began to work in a settlement between both parties. The price for Bolesław's return to the Church was high: the Duke was finally forced in 1261 to pay a huge monetary compensation and made a public penitence at the gates of the Cathedral in Wrocław. The victory of Bishop Thomas was complete.

Relations with Konrad of Głogów (1262–71)

Bolesław, who was finally able to maintain an agreement with Henry III until his death, remained in hostile relations with Konrad of Głogów, thanks in great part to the rebellious and obstinate character of the young Duke. Thanks to the absence of sources, only two specific events of the conflict are known. In 1257 Konrad made a dangerous move and kidnapped Bolesław from his castle in Legnica. The Duke regained his freedom after a few months, but it is unknown for what price. It can therefore be said that since them the Duke never left Bolesław a moment of happiness, but in 1271 the Duke of Legnica managed to take the town of Bolesławiec near Bóbr
Bóbr
Bóbr is a river which runs through the north of the Czech Republic and the southwest of Poland, a left tributary of the Oder River, with a length of and a basin area of .The Bóbr originates in the Rýchory mountains in the southeast of the Karkonosze range, where the source is...

.

Abduction of Henry IV and Battle of Stolec (1272–77)

In the 1270s the political decline of Bolesław was clear. He began to give more and more power to his adolescent sons. In 1273 he granted Jawor (Jauer)
Jauer
Jauer may refer to:* German name of Jawor, a town in Poland** Jauer , a former Principality of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of Poland*** Nicholas Magni of Jauer *** Bolko I, Duke of Schweidnitz-Jauer...

 as a Duchy to his oldest son Henry V and it seemed that Bolesław resigned definitively from adventurous politics. But in 1277, he surprised everyone. Bolesław signed an alliance with the King Rudolph I of Germany
Rudolph I of Germany
Rudolph I was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties...

 (who with this tried to break the alliance of the other Piast Dukes with the King Ottokar II of Bohemia
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Ottokar II , called The Iron and Golden King, was the King of Bohemia from 1253 until 1278. He was the Duke of Austria , Styria , Carinthia and Carniola also....

) and for Rudolph's insistence, he decided to kidnap Ottokar's ally, Henry IV
Henryk IV Probus
Henryk IV Probus was a member of the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty...

 -who also was Bolesław's nephew-. The pretext for this was the young prince's request of one third of Wrocław after the death in 1270 of his uncle Władysław, Bolesław's youngest brother. Henry IV was an important prisoner and shortly after was imprisoned in a castle in Legnica. In order to obtain his freedom, a coalition was made between the Bohemian King and the Dukes Henry III
Henry III, Duke of Silesia-Glogau
Henry III of Głogów was a Duke of Głogów from 1274 to his death and also Duke of parts of Greater Poland during 1306–1309....

 of Głogów and Przemysł II of Greater Poland; however, they soon failed. Although Bolesław's forces were notoriously smaller than the coalition's army in the Battle of Stolec and seemingly started to lose, his son Henry V unexpectedly began to win and finally defeated the allied dukes. The dispute ended with a settlement; Henry IV obtained his freedom in exchange for 1/3 of the Duchy of Środa Śląska (German: Neumarkt)
Sroda Slaska
Środa Śląska is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of Środa Śląska County, and of the smaller administrative district called Gmina Środa Śląska. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany...

, which was granted to Bolesław.

Death and succession (1278)

This was the last of the success of the Duke of Legnica. Bolesław II died on 26/31 December 1278 and was buried in the Dominican monastery of Legnica. His three sons, Henry V the Fat, Bolko I and Bernhard, inherited their lands and divided them between them.

Marriage and issue

Around 8 May 1242, Bolesław married firstly Hedwig (d. 21 December 1259), daughter of Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Henry I, Count of Anhalt
Henry I, Count of Anhalt was a German prince of the House of Ascania and Count of Anhalt.He was the oldest son of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxony and Count of Anhalt, by his wife Brigitte a daughter of Canute V of Denmark....

. They had ten children:
  1. Agnes (b. ca. 1243/50 – d. 13 March 1265), married ca. 1260/64 to Count Ulrich I of Württemberg
    Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg
    Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg , also known as “Ulrich der Stifter” or “Ulrich mit dem Daumen”, was count of Württemberg from about 1241 until his death.-Life:...

    .
  2. Henry V the Fat (b. ca. 1248 – d. 22 February 1296).
  3. Hedwig (b. ca. 1250/55 – d. aft. 1280), married ca. 1265/70 to Duke Konrad II of Masovia
    Konrad II of Masovia
    Konrad II of Masovia was the eldest son of Siemowit I of Masovia and his wife Perejesława, daughter of Daniel of Galicia....

    .
  4. Bolko I the Strict
    Bolko I the Strict
    Bolko I the Strict also known as the Raw or of Jawor , was a Duke of Lwówek during 1278-81 and Jawor since 1278 , sole Duke of Lwówek since 1286, Duke of Świdnica-Ziębice since 1291.He was the second son of Bolesław II the Bald, Duke of Legnica by his first wife Hedwig, daughter of...

     (b. ca. 1252/56 – d. Grissow, 9 November 1301).
  5. Bernard the Lightsome
    Bernard the Lightsome
    Bernard the Lightsome was a Duke of Lwówek since 1278 and Jawor during 1278–1281 ....

     (b. ca. 1253/57 – d. 25 April 1286).
  6. A son [Conrad?] (d. young).
  7. Anna (b. ca. 1255 – d. aft. 1270), Abbess of Trebnicz.
  8. Elizabeth (b. ca. 1259 – d. aft. 1268), married in 1268 to Louis of Hakeborn.


In 1261, Bolesław married secondly Euphemia (also called Alenta or Iolanta or Adelheid) (b. ca. 1245 - d. ca. 15 February 1309), daughter of Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania
Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania
Sambor II of Tczew was a duke of Pomerania and prince of Lubiszewo Tczewskie.Sambor was a son of Mestwin I, Duke of Pomerania, and member of the Samborides. He was married to Mechtild of Mecklenburg. His daughter, Margaret Sambiria, became Queen of Denmark in 1248 by marriage with Christopher I of...

. This union was unsuccessful thanks to Bolesław II's behavior, because the Duke openly lived with his mistress Sophia Dyhrn
House of Dyhrn
The House of Dyhrn is a prominent German noble family originally from Saxony. The family was first mentioned in the 12th century and was settled in early age in Prussia and Silesia...

, who bore him a son, Jarosław, and whom he also married in 1277.
Euphemia (Adelheid) fled (offended by the relationship, that her husband was having) back to her home in Pomerania and did not return to Silesia until 1278, when her ex-husband died.
They had a daughter, Catherine, although some sources indicated that she was born from Bolesław II's first marriage.

Ancestry

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