Bolitoglossa also called Tropical climbing salamanders or Web-footed Salamanders is a genus of salamander

Salamander

Salamander is a common name of approximately 500 species of amphibians. They are typically characterized by a superficially lizard-like appearance, with their slender bodies, short noses, and long tails. All known fossils and extinct species fall under the order Caudata, while sometimes the extant...

s in the Plethodontidae family. Their range is Central and South America: Mexico

Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

, Colombia

Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...

, Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

, Ecuador

Ecuador

Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...

, Peru

Peru

Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

, northeastern Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

, and central Bolivia

Bolivia

Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

. These arboreal and terrestrial

Terrestrial animal

Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land , as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water , or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats...

, Neotropical salamanders of the Bolitoglossa genus make up the largest genus in the order Caudata consisting of approximately one-fourth of all known species of salamanders. Adult salamanders range anywhere from 45mm to 200mm in length depending on their specific species. They are notorious for their webbed feet, as indicated from their name, and have significantly more webbing than any other species outside their genus with the exception of the Cave-dwelling Mexican Bolitoglossine Chiropterotriton magnipes. Although webbed feet are a common characteristic of these salamanders, only about half of the species in this genus contain webbed feet.

Hand and foot morphology

Hand and foot morphology is strikingly diverse in an otherwise morphologically uniform group. While just under half of these species contain webbing between their fingers and toes, the remaining species experience little to no webbing and undergo elongation of their fingers and toes throughout development. Ultimately, the variation of foot morphology within this genus is primarily due to natural selection. Derived characteristics correspond to arboreal vs. terrestrial salamanders.

• Webbed fingers – natural selection to improve terrestrial movement through water.
• Elongated fingers – natural selection of increased suction efficiency, favoring a larger surface area of the foot. This also selects for a decreased body size, enabling the salamander to cling trees more easily.

Tail autotomy

Tail autotomy refers to the salamanders’ ability to release or loose their tail if necessary. This is a common characteristic of nearly all salamanders and lizards. (See autotomy

Autotomy

Autotomy or self amputation is the act whereby an animal severs one or more of its own appendages, usually as a self-defense mechanism designed to elude a predator's grasp...

). It is particularly helpful to the salamander in escaping attacks from its predators. Once the tail has been lost, it can regenerate one time. After this regeneration, the tail is incapable of separation with regeneration.

Poison

B. rostrata and B. subpalmata are two rare examples of poisonous salamanders within their genus. The poison is secreted through their skin as an antipredator mechanism. It is particularly toxic to certain snake species, rendering them immobile and unresponsive to external stimuli upon initial contact. The common defense tactic of these two species is to remain still in the presence of the snake until it makes initial contact (usually by the flickering of its tongue), and then run away as the paralytic poison begins to take effect in the snake.

Natural selection

Tropical adaptation of the Bolitoglossa genus is thought to have evolved from N. American Plethodontids. Natural selection is responsible for morphological changes shifting from those supporting temperate environments to those supporting tropical environments such as Panama and Costa Rica.
Natural selection is thought to have resulted in genetic changes from physical adaptation. The main differences that have developed from natural selection affect the skull and bones of the feet in these salamanders. Due to these primary changes, secondary changes are believed to have followed, including:

• Body size
• Additional ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
   of bones
• Webbing
• Ear structure

Phylogeny of this genus is partially dependent on its variations in bone structure due to the effects of natural selection over a long period of time.

Hybridization

The first documented case of hybridization in tropical salamanders occurred between B. frankini and B. resplendens. This hybridization has taken a pervasive effect on the morphology of B. resplendens, whereas B. frankini seemed to maintain its same physical structure. According to scientists, this is the only known salamander hybrid in the world today.

Taxonomy

Derived characteristics of the genus Bolitoglossa has led to their classification based on this specific list of characters:

• Tongue and hypobranchial apparatus
  Apparatus
  Apparatus may refer to:*Technical term for body of the Soviet and post-Soviet governments *Machine*Equipment*Critical apparatus, the critical and primary source material that accompanies an edition of a text-See also:*Fire apparatus...
  
  
• Epibranchial Number
  • embryos having a single epibranchial
• Tail Autotomy
• Brain stem motor control
• Bone structure of Jaws, Cranial
  Cranial
  Cranial may refer to:* an adjective related to the cranium* Anatomical terms of location* Cranial cavity* Cranial Osteopathy...
  
  , and inner ear
• Chromosome
  Chromosome
  A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.Chromosomes...
  
   number
  • diploid number of chromosomes is 26
• Development

Classification of this genus is primarily accomplished through analysis of the salamanders’ DNA. This has proven to be the most effective and accurate way of classifying this genus.

Species

117 species are currently assigned to this genus.

EWLINE Binomial Name and Author Common Name B. adspersa Bolitoglossa adspersa Bolitoglossa adspersa is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.It is threatened by habitat loss.... Peters, 1863 Peter's Climbing Salamander B. alberchi Bolitoglossa alberchi Bolitoglossa alberchi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations .It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... García-París, Parra-Olea, Brame & Wake, 2002 Alberch's Salamander B. altamazonica Bolitoglossa altamazonica Bolitoglossa altamazonica is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.... Cope, 1874 Nauta Salamander B. alvaradoi Bolitoglossa alvaradoi Bolitoglossa alvaradoi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Taylor, 1954 Alvarado's Salamander B. anthracina Bolitoglossa anthracina Bolitoglossa anthracina is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Brame, Savage, Wake & Hanken, 2001 Coal-black Salamander B. biseriata Bolitoglossa biseriata Bolitoglossa biseriata is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Colombia and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Tanner, 1962 Two-lined Climbing Salamander B. borburata Trapido, 1942 Carabobo Climbing Salamander B. bramei Bolitoglossa bramei Bolitoglossa bramei is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.Its habitat is currently under protection.-References:... Wake, Savage & Hanken, 2007 Brame's Climbing Salamander B. capitana Bolitoglossa capitana Bolitoglossa capitana is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1963 Orphan Salamander B. carri Bolitoglossa carri Bolitoglossa carri is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Cloud Forest Salamander B. cataguana Townsend, Butler, Wilson & Austin, 2009 B. celaque Bolitoglossa celaque Bolitoglossa celaque is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Celaque Climbing Salamander B. centenorum Campbell et al., 2010 B. cerroensis Bolitoglossa cerroensis Bolitoglossa cerroensis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Taylor, 1952 Millville Climbing Salamander B. chica Bolitoglossa chica Bolitoglossa chica is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1963 Hotel Zaracay Salamander B. colonnea Bolitoglossa colonnea Bolitoglossa colonnea is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.... Dunn, 1924 La Loma Salamander B. compacta Bolitoglossa compacta Bolitoglossa compacta is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Wake, Brame & Duellman, 1973 Cerro Pando Salamander B. conanti Bolitoglossa conanti Bolitoglossa conanti is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... McCranie & Wilson, 1993 Conant's Salamander B. copia Wake, Hanken & Ibáñez, 2005 El Cope Giant Salamander B. cuchumatana Bolitoglossa cuchumatana Bolitoglossa cuchumatana is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Guatemala.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Stuart, 1943 Oak Forest Salamander B. cuna Bolitoglossa cuna Bolitoglossa cuna is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Wake, Brame, & Duellman, 1973 Camp Sasardi Salamander B. daryorum Campbell et al., 2010 B. decora Bolitoglossa decora Bolitoglossa decora is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... McCranie & Wilson, 1997 Monte Escondido Salamander B. diaphora Bolitoglossa diaphora Bolitoglossa diaphora is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... McCranie & Wilson, 1995 El Cusuco Salamander B. digitigrada Bolitoglossa digitigrada Bolitoglossa digitigrada is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and plantations .-Source:... Wake, Brame & Thomas, 1982 Rio Santa Rosa Salamander B. diminuta Bolitoglossa diminuta Bolitoglossa diminuta is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:... Robinson, 1976 Quebrada Valverde Salamander B. dofleini Bolitoglossa dofleini Bolitoglossa dofleini is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, plantations , and heavily degraded former forest.It is... Werner, 1903 Doflein's Salamander B. dunni Bolitoglossa dunni Bolitoglossa dunni is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Guatemala and Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Schmidt, 1933 Dunn's Climbing Salamander B. engelhardti Bolitoglossa engelhardti Bolitoglossa engelhardti is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Schmidt, 1936 Engelhardt's Climbing Salamander B. epimela Bolitoglossa epimela Bolitoglossa epimela is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family, the salamander is endemic to Costa Rica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical, moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical, moist montanes. Currently the species is under threat due to habitat... Wake & Brame, 1963 Tapanti Climbing Salamander B. equatoriana Bolitoglossa equatoriana Bolitoglossa equatoriana is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1972 Ecuadorian Climbing Salamander B. eremia Campbell et al., 2010 B. flavimembris Schmidt, 1936 Yellow-legged Climbing Salamander B. flaviventris Schmidt, 1936 Yellow-belly Climbing Salamander B. franklini Schmidt, 1936 Franklin's Climbing Salamander B. gomezi Bolitoglossa gomezi Bolitoglossa gomezi, or Gomez’s Web-footed Salamander is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:... Wake, Savage & Hanken, 2007 Gómez's Web-footed Salamander B. gracilis Bolitoglossa gracilis Bolitoglossa gracilis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Bolaños, Robinson & Wake, 1987 Rio Quiri Salamander B. guaramacalensis Bolitoglossa guaramacalensis Bolitoglossa guaramacalensis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:... Schargel, García-Pérez & Smith, 2002 Guaramacal Salamander B. hartwegi Bolitoglossa hartwegi Bolitoglossa hartwegi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.... Wake & Brame, 1969 Hartweg's Climbing Salamander B. heiroreias Greenbaum, 2004 Holy-Mountain Salamander B. helmrichi Bolitoglossa helmrichi Bolitoglossa helmrichi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Guatemala.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and plantations .It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Schmidt, 1836 Coban Climbing Salamander B. hermosa Bolitoglossa hermosa Bolitoglossa hermosa is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, plantations , and rural gardens.... Papenfuss, Wake & Adler, 1984 Guerreran Climbing Salamander B. hiemalis Bolitoglossa hiemalis Bolitoglossa hiemalis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-References:... Lynch, 2001 Winter Climbing Salamander B. huehuetenanguensis Campbell et al., 2010 B. hypacra Bolitoglossa hypacra Bolitoglossa hypacra is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1962 Paramo Frontino Salamander B. indio Wake, et al., 2008 B. insularis Wake, et al., 2008 B. jacksoni Bolitoglossa jacksoni Bolitoglossa jacksoni is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Guatemala.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.... Elias, 1984 Jackson's Climbing Salamander B. kaqchikelorum Campbell et al., 2010 B. la Campbell et al., 2010 B. lignicolor Peters, 1873 Camron Climbing Salamander B. lincolni Bolitoglossa lincolni Bolitoglossa lincolni is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Stuart, 1943 Lincoln's Climbing Salamander B. longissima Bolitoglossa longissima Bolitoglossa longissima is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... McCranie & Cruz, 1996 Longest Climbing Salamander B. lozanoi Bolitoglossa lozanoi Bolitoglossa lozanoi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Acosta-Galvis & Restrepo, 2001 Lozano's Salamander B. macrinii Bolitoglossa macrinii Bolitoglossa macrinii is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and plantations .It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Lafrentz, 1930 Oaxacan Climbing Salamander B. magnifica Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Magnificent Web-footed Salamander B. marmorea Bolitoglossa marmorea Bolitoglossa marmorea is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.... Tanner & Brame, 1961 Crater Salamander B. medemi Bolitoglossa medemi Bolitoglossa medemi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Colombia and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1972 Finca Chibigui Salamander

EWLINE Binomial Name and Author Common Name B. meliana Bolitoglossa meliana Bolitoglossa meliana is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Guatemala.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Wake & Lynch, 1982 Meliana Climbing Salamander B. mexicana Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 Mexican Climbing Salamander B. minutula Bolitoglossa minutula Bolitoglossa minutula is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Wake, Brame & Duellman, 1973 Dwarf Climbing Salamander B. mombachoensis Köhler & McCranie, 1999 Mombacho Salamander B. morio Bolitoglossa morio Bolitoglossa morio is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Guatemala.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Cope, 1869 Cope's Climbing Salamander B. mulleri Brocchi, 1883 Muller's Climbing Salamander B. nicefori Bolitoglossa nicefori Bolitoglossa nicefori is a single species belonging to the largest and most widely distributed genus of salamanders in the world today, consisting of up to 101 different species. . The species is a member of the Plethodontidae family... Brame & Wake, 1963 San Gil Climbing Salamander B. nigrescens Bolitoglossa nigrescens Bolitoglossa nigrescens is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Taylor, 1949 Cordillera Central Salamander B. ninadormida Campbell et al., 2010 B. nussbaumi Campbell et al., 2010 B. nympha Campbell et al., 2010 B. oaxacensis Bolitoglossa oaxacensis Bolitoglossa oaxacensis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Parra-Olea, Garcia-Paris & Wake, 2002 Atoyac Web-footed Salamander B. obscura Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Tapantí Giant Salamander B. occidentalis Bolitoglossa occidentalis Bolitoglossa occidentalis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, arable land, and plantations .It is threatened by habitat... Taylor, 1941 Southern Banana Salamander B. odonnelli Stuart, 1943 O'donnell's Climbing Salamander B. omniumsanctorum Stuart, 1952 B. oresbia Bolitoglossa oresbia Bolitoglossa oresbia is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... McCranie, Espinal & Wilson, 2005 Zarciadero Web-footed Salamander B. orestes Brame & Wake, 1962 Culata Climbing Salamander B. pacaya Campbell et al., 2010 B. palmata Bolitoglossa palmata Bolitoglossa palmata is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Werner, 1897 Amazon Climbing Salamander B. pandi Bolitoglossa pandi Bolitoglossa pandi is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1963 Pandi Climbing Salamander B. paraensis Unterstein, 1930 Para Climbing Salamander B. peruviana Bolitoglossa peruviana Bolitoglossa peruviana is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Ecuador and Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations , and heavily degraded former forest.-References:... Boulenger, 1883 Peruvian Climbing Salamander B. pesrubra Bolitoglossa pesrubra Bolitoglossa pesrubra is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Taylor, 1952 Red-footed Climbing Salamander B. phalarosoma Bolitoglossa phalarosoma Bolitoglossa phalarosoma is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Colombia and Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Wake & Brame, 1962 Medellin Climbing Salamander B. platydactyla Gray in Cuvier, 1831 Broadfoot Climbing Salamander B. porrasorum Bolitoglossa porrasorum Bolitoglossa porrasorum is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Honduras.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... McCranie & Wilson, 1995 Pijol Salamander B. psephena Campbell et al., 2010 B. pygmaea Bolaños & Wake, 2009 Pygmy Web-footed Salamander B. ramosi Brame & Wake, 1972 Ramos' Climbing Salamander B. riletti Bolitoglossa riletti Bolitoglossa riletti is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, plantations , and rural gardens.... Holman, 1964 Rilett's Climbing Salamander B. robisoni Bolaños & Wake, 2009 Robinson's Web-footed Salamander B. robusta Bolitoglossa robusta Bolitoglossa robusta is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.... Cope, 1894 Robust Climbing Salamander B. rostrata Brocchi, 1883 Long-nosed Climbing Salamander B. rufescens Bolitoglossa rufescens Bolitoglossa rufescens is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and plantations .It is threatened by habitat... Cope, 1869 Northern Banana Salamander B. salvinii Bolitoglossa salvinii Bolitoglossa salvinii is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in El Salvador and Guatemala.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, pastureland, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest.It is... Gray, 1868 Salvin's Salamander B. savagei Bolitoglossa savagei Bolitoglossa savagei is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Brame & Wake, 1963 Savage's Salamander B. schizodactyla Bolitoglossa schizodactyla Bolitoglossa schizodactyla is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.... Wake & Brame, 1966 Cocle Salamander B. silverstonei Bolitoglossa silverstonei Bolitoglossa silverstonei is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Brame & Wake, 1972 Silverstone's Salamander B. sima Bolitoglossa sima Bolitoglossa sima is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Ecuador and possibly Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Vaillant, 1911 Northwestern Climbing Salamander B. sombra Hanken, Wake & Savage, 2005 Shadowy Web-Footed Salamander B. sooyorum Bolitoglossa sooyorum Bolitoglossa sooyorum is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica and possibly Panama.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Vial, 1963 Cordillera Talamanca Salamander B. spongai Bolitoglossa spongai Bolitoglossa spongai is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:... Barrio & Fuentes, 1999 Azulita Salamander B. striatula Bolitoglossa striatula Bolitoglossa striatula is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, freshwater marshes, and plantations .It is threatened by... Noble, 1918 Cukra Climbing Salamander B. stuarti Bolitoglossa stuarti Bolitoglossa stuarti is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family, found in Guatemala and Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. This salamander is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* Parra Olea, G., Wake, D.... Wake & Brame, 1969 Stuart's Stuart's Salamander B. subpalmata Bolitoglossa subpalmata Bolitoglossa subpalmata is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Costa Rica.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, pastureland, plantations , rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.... Boulenger, 1896 La Palma Salamander B. suchitanensis Campbell et al., 2010 B. synoria Bolitoglossa synoria Bolitoglossa synoria is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in El Salvador and Honduras.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.... McCranie & Köhler, 1999 Cerro Pital Salamander B. tatamae Acosta-Galvis & Hoyos, 2006 Tatama Climbing Salamander B. taylori Bolitoglossa taylori Bolitoglossa taylori is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Panama and possibly Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-Source:... Wake, Brame & Myers, 1970 Taylor's Salamander B. tica García-París, Parra-Olea & Wake, 2008 Tico Salamander B. tzultacaj Campbell et al., 2010 B. vallecula Bolitoglossa vallecula Bolitoglossa vallecula is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forest.-References:* Castro, F.,... Brame & Wake, 1963 Yarumal Climbing Salamander B. veracrucis Bolitoglossa veracrucis Bolitoglossa veracrucis is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and heavily degraded former forest.... Taylor, 1951 Veracruz Salamander B. walkeri Bolitoglossa walkeri Bolitoglossa walkeri is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Colombia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-Source:... Brame & Wake, 1972 Walker's Salamander B. xibalba Campbell et al., 2010 B. yucatana Bolitoglossa yucatana The Yucatán Mushroomtongue Salamander is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is found in Belize and Mexico.... Peters, 1882 Yucatan Salamander B. zacapensis Rovito, Vásquez-Almazán & Papenfuss, 2010 Zacapa Salamander B. zapoteca Bolitoglossa zapoteca Bolitoglossa zapoteca is a species of salamander in the Plethodontidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:... Parra-Olea, Garcia-Paris & Wake, 2002 Zapotec Salamander

External links

. 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Bolitoglossa. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 29, 2008). [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Bolitoglossa. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 29, 2008).

• Tree of Life: Bolitoglossa