Boontling is a folk language

Dialect

The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...

 spoken only in Boonville

Boonville, California

Boonville is a census-designated place in Mendocino County, California. It is located southwest of Ukiah, at an elevation of 381 feet . The population was 1,035 at the 2010 census.-History:...

 in Northern California

Northern California

Northern California is the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. The San Francisco Bay Area , and Sacramento as well as its metropolitan area are the main population centers...

.

History and description of Boontling

Although based on English, Boontling's unusual words are unique to Boonville, California

Boonville, California

Boonville is a census-designated place in Mendocino County, California. It is located southwest of Ukiah, at an elevation of 381 feet . The population was 1,035 at the 2010 census.-History:...

. Scottish Gaelic and Irish

Irish language

Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...

, and some Pomoan

Pomoan languages

Pomoan is a family of endangered languages spoken in northern California by the Pomo people on the Pacific Coast. According to the 2000 census, there are 255 speakers of the languages...

 and Spanish, also influenced the vocabulary of the language. Boontling was invented in the late 19th century and had quite a following at the turn of the 20th century. It is now mostly spoken only by aging counter-culturists and native Anderson Valley

Anderson Valley

Anderson Valley is a sparsely populated region in western Mendocino County in Northern California. Located approximately 100 miles north of San Francisco, the name "Anderson Valley" applies broadly to several rural, unincorporated communities in or near the alluvial terraces along Anderson Creek...

 residents. Because the town of Boonville only has a little over 700 residents, Boontling is an extremely esoteric dialect, and is quickly becoming archaic. It has over a thousand unique words and phrases.

Origins of Boontling

The Anderson Valley, of which Boonville is the largest town, was an isolated farming, ranching, and logging community during the late 19th century. There are several differing versions as to the origin of Boontling. Some assert that the dialect was created by the women, children, and young men in the hop fields and sheep shearing sheds as a means of recreation, and that it spread through the community as the children continued using it when they grew up. Myrtle R. Rawles explains that Boontling was started by the children of Boonville as a language game which enabled them to speak freely in front of elders without being understood. It is believed that the language originated from Ed (Squirrel) Clement and Lank McGimsey, in or about the year 1890.

Documenting the lingo

Based on interviews of family and neighbors, Rawles wrote an article, Boontling, or the strange Boonville language, which was published by the California Folklore Society in Western Folklore, volume 25, in 1966, and again by the Mendocino County Historical Society in 1967.
Researcher Charles C. Adams studied the lingo in the 1960s and wrote a doctoral dissertation based on his research. In 1971 University of Texas Press

University of Texas Press

The University of Texas Press is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin. Established in 1950, the Press publishes scholarly books in several areas, including Latin American studies, Texana, anthropology, U.S...

 published his book, Boontling: an American lingo, which included an extensive dictionary. Boontling briefly enjoyed a national audience in the mid-1970s when a Boontling speaker named Bobby (Chipmunk) Glover was a regular guest on the well-known The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson

The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson

The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson is a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under the Tonight Show franchise from 1962 to 1992. It originally aired during late-night....

on the NBC

NBC

The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices near Los Angeles and in Chicago...

 television network.
Because Boontling is a spoken language, rather than a written one, spellings of words vary greatly. Most spellings were not formalized until the 1970s, primarily by the writings of Boontling historian Jacky June.

A

• Abaloneyite or Abber - a resident of Albion on the seacoast where abalone abounded.
• abe - to butt or crowd in so as to push a person out of line and take his or her place.
• airtight - a sawmill.
• applehead - a young girl; girlfriend or wife.
• ark - to wreck something: an anagram, probably from "wreck".

B

• back-dated chuck - a person who is ignorant or behind the times
• bahl - good, great
• bahlness - a very attractive woman
• barlow - a knife: taken from the trade name Barlow knife.
• bat - to masturbate.
• batter - a bachelor; a masturbator.
• bearman - a story teller: Allen Cooper, an innkeeper, who was a bear hunter and a story teller.
• beelch - sexual intercourse.
• beemsch - good show: a blend of bahl (good) and show.
• beeson tree - a stock saddle: Beeson was a trade name.
• beeljeck - a rabbit: a blend of Belgian hare and jack rabbit.
• belhoon - a dollar.
• bilch - sexual intercourse.
• Bill Nunn - syrup; a sobriquet
  Sobriquet
  A sobriquet is a nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another. It is usually a familiar name, distinct from a pseudonym assumed as a disguise, but a nickname which is familiar enough such that it can be used in place of a real name without the need of explanation...
  
  : Bill Nunn put syrup on nearly everything he ate.
• bird-stock - a man with a large family.
• blooch - to prattle on, to talk aimlessly.
• bloocher - a 'bullshitter'; also, a masturbator.
• blue-birded - to be bucked off a horse: One of the boys got bucked off a horse and afterwards *said, "I got thrown so high that a blue-bird could have built a nest on my ass."
• blue grass - whiskey.
• blue-tail - a rattlesnake.
• boo - a potato. [from the Pomo Indian bu]
• booker, or Booker T - A person of African American descent: from the well known Booker T. Washington
  Booker T. Washington
  Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African-American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915...
  
  
• Boont - Boonville.
• boont [verb] - to speak Boontling
• bootjack - a coyote. (From the v-shape of their ears, resembling a bootjack.)
• borch - a person of Chinese descent: a blend or possibly a euphemism for boar Chinese.
• borego - see: breggo
• borp - a hog; a boar pig.
• boshe - a deer.
• boshe gun - a .30-30 caliber rifle used to hunt deer.
• boshe hareem or boshin' hareem - a deer hunting dog or hound.
• boshin' - deer hunting
• bow - to dare or challenge to fight.
• bowgley - a 'whopper' of a lie
• branching - stepping out for a good time.
• branding irons - hand cuffs.
• breggo - a sheep. [from the Spanish borrego]
• Brightlighter - An outsider. Anyone not from Boonville.
• briny - the coast.
• broadly - a cow.
• Bucket of Blood - nickname of a Boonville bar known for its brawls.
• bucky - a nickel.
• bucky walter - a pay phone. Derived from the fact that a call cost a nickel at the time. See also "walter".
• buck-inj - a person of Native Indian descent: a blend of buck-Indian.
• buck pasture - refers to the predicament of a man with a pregnant wife.
• burlapping - having sexual intercourse: from an incident in which a local couple was discovered making love on a heap of burlap sacks in the back room of a store.

C

• can-kicky - angry.
• chap ports - chaps: from the Spanish word Chaparajos.
• charl - to milk a cow.
• Charlie - to embarrass: from a Native American named Charlie Ball was noted for his *bashfulness.
• Charlied - embarrassed.
• Charlie Balled - bashful.
• cheaters - glasses or spectacles
• chigrel - (n.) a food or a meal; (vrb.) to eat: blend of child's gruel.
• chipmunk - to hoard; to save.
• Cloverdal - Cloverdale
  Cloverdale, California
  Cloverdale is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached Cloverdale in 1872. The Cloverdale Rancheria of Pomo Indians of California is headquartered here...
  
  : the nearest town to the south.
• cloddies - heavy shoes: from clodhoppers, sturdy or cumbersome shoes.
• cocked - to become angry: like cocking a gun.
• cocked darley - a man with a gun.
• comoshe - a tool to grind sheep shears: a moshe was a machine with a motor.
• condeal or canned eel - a country job: blend of country deal.
• cow skully - a desolate area.
• crazeek - crazy.
• croppies - a sheep.
• cyke or sike - a horse: from Cyclone, the name of a local horse that was hard to ride.

D

• deepend - Navarro, the 'deep end' of the valley
• deeger - a degenerate person.
• deejy - (adj.) degenerate, generally in reference to a person.
• deek - to notice or call attention to.
• dehigged - to be broke as in not having money.
• dicking - cheating, generally at cards.
• dishing - rushing or pushing in to be first.
• dissies - shoes with metal buckles.
• dissies stool - the stool of repentance for a drunk; the state of being on the water wagon.
• donicker or donagher - a toilet or rest-room.
• Drearies - the Bald Hills, a local spot.
• dreek - whip.
• dreeked - whipped.
• dreeking - a whipping.
• dulcey - a sweet: From the Spanish word dulce meaning sweet.
• dukes - fists.

E

• eeld'm - an old woman (not complimentary): blend for old dame.
• Ee-tah - an exclamation: considered a version of the old rebel yell that went into many Civil War battles. Many Boonters were originally from the South and made no secret of their rebel sympathies.
• equalizer - a gun
• eesole - an undesirable or questionable character: this is considered a disguised pronunciation or euphemism.

F

• fair and right a person - one who would give or lend money.
• fiddlers - delirium tremens
  Delirium tremens
  Delirium tremens is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol, first described in 1813...
  
  .
• fister - a fight.
• forbes - a half dollar: four bits.
• Frati - wine: Mr. Frati was a local vineyardist.

G

• gannow - apple: Spanish for a type of apple (gano).
• glimmer - a kerosene lamp.
• glow worm - a lantern.
• gorm - to eat or overeat: from the French word gourmandise meaning to eat greedily.
• greeley - a newspaper, or a newspaper reporter.
• greeny - loss of temper; to throw a greeny or temper tantrum.

H

• haireem - a dog. (From "hairy mouth", since Airedale Terriers were popular in Anderson Valley.)
• harp - to talk.
• harpin' tidrick - a lengthy discussion, especially in Boontling (see also: tidrick).
• hedge - a haircut.
• heelch - all; everything: A greedy person when invited to share food and drink would take the heelch: possibly from "whole cheese".
• high gun - to beat to the draw.
• high heel - to arrest. The local sheriff had one leg shorter than the other so he wore one high-heeled boot.
• high heeler - an arresting officer.
• high pockets - a person of wealth: the wealthiest man in the area was six feet six inches tall.
• high pockety - rich; having money.
• higgs - money.
• higged or higgied - having money.
• hob or hobneelch- a Saturday night dance. (From the hobnailed boots that were popular in the valley.)
• hog rings - a large vagina.
• hood - a peculiar person; person different from the ordinary: a new family moved into the valley and the children wore hoods all day long.
• hoot - to laugh.
• hooter - a loud laugher.
• horn - a drink of liquor.
• horn of zeese - a drink of coffee. See also "zeese".

J

• jape - to drive, generally a car.
• japer - a driver of a car.
• Jeffer - a fire, generally a big fire: Jeff Vestal, owner of the Boonville Hotel, built big fires in the parlor and elsewhere.
• Jenny Beck - a tattletale; a stool pigeon: Jenny Beck was a local gossiper and told many tall-tales.
• Jay Esser - a lawsuit: from a well known lawsuit between J.S. Ornbaun et al.

K

• keishbook - an Indian word, meaning a pregnant woman.
• killing snake - to work very hard at something: One would say "He's tackling that job as if he were killing snake."
• kimmie - a man, more often applied to a stranger. (From: "Come here, you.")
• kimoshe - a strange vehicle.
• kingster - an expensive church: George Singley, whose nickname was King George, donated liberally to the church building fund.

L

• lengthy - a doe deer.
• Levi - to telephone: Walter Levi was the first to make use of the telephone in Boont. See also "walter", "bucky walter".
• lizzie - pregnant.
• locking - a wedding.
• locking match - an anticipated wedding; engagement to marry.
• log lifter - a heavy winter storm.

M

• Madge - a prostitute: Madge was a brothel madame in Ukiah
  Ukiah, California
  The average high temperature is 73.5 °F . Average low temperature is 46.1 °F . Temperatures reach 90 °F on an average of 65.6 days annually and 100 °F on an average of 14.4 days annually. Due to frequent low humidity, summer temperatures normally drop into the fifties at night. Freezing...
  
  .
• madging - visiting the house of prostitution.
• Mason Dixon - division between Boonville and Philo: In the early days a feud almost existed between the two communities.
• mate - either the male or female sex organs
• mate gormin' - oral/genital contact, i.e., either cunnilingus
  Cunnilingus
  Cunnilingus is an oral sex act performed on a female. It involves the use by a sex partner of the mouth, lips and tongue to stimulate the female's clitoris, vulva, or vagina...
  
   or fellatio
  Fellatio
  Fellatio is an act of oral stimulation of a male's penis by a sexual partner. It involves the stimulation of the penis by the use of the mouth, tongue, or throat. The person who performs fellatio can be referred to as the giving partner, and the other person is the receiving partner...
  
  
• mink - an expensively dressed girl or woman; a wearer of fur.
• Moldune - an overly large woman. (e.g., to hit the moldune trail - to have an affair with a woman).
• Moldunes - breasts, especially very large ones.
• Mollies - see: moldunes.
• Molly gormin' - oral contact with the female breasts.
• Moshe - Machine. Generally used to refer to an automobile.
• Mouse ear - a tight vagina.
• Muzz Creek - excess of water in gutters.

N

• nettied - all dressed up; wearing an abundance of lace, ribbons, and finery.
• nonch - no good; bad: blend of "not much".

O

• old dame - a man's wife.
• old dusties - hell.
• oshtook - a person with one eye: a Native American word.
• Otto - to work hard: from a local hard working German settler whose given name was Otto.

P

• pack-em-out-billies - dirty socks.
• paper skull - a small deer.
• Peak'ed Heads - members of Oddfellows' Lodge, usually used by non-members.
• peeril - to rain.
• pearlin - light rain.
• pick-em-up - (1) a person starting a fight; (2) a method of breaking a horse by elevating one foot.
• pike - to go; to travel.
• pusseek - a female cat.

R

• rack - a raccoon
• rawncher - exceptionally large
• region - one's house or home.
• relf - a rail fence.
• ridgy - old fashioned; back-woodsy.
• rout the kimmie in the boat - to impregnate a woman

S

• seertail or sirtle - a salmon.
• sharkin' or sharkin' match - fighting; also used to describe Boontlingers attempting to out-do each other by coming up with a new word.
• shoveltooth - a medical doctor. [after a local doctor who had protruding front teeth]
• skee - whiskey
• skype - a preacher. (From "Sky Pilot.")
• sol - the sun, from the Spanish
• Sol's grandmother or Saul's grandmother - dead.
• somersetting - being over-emotional or sentimental; head-over-heels. (From "turned somerset.")
• spat - a .22 caliber rimfire rifle.
• steedos - a stallion; stud horse.
• stiff hat - professional fighters.
• straight neck - a person of German descent.
• sunnies - pretty; sunny day.

T

• teebow - deaf.
• telefe - to telephone; a telephone.
• thorps - a man's button shoes.
• tidrick - a party; a social gathering
• tobe - tobacco.
• toobs or tubes - twenty five cents; two bits.
• trash mover - a heavy rainstorm.
• Trojan - dynamite: Trojan is a brand name of dynamite.
• trilbies - shoes, probably dress shoes.
• tuddies - crazy.
• tuddish - slow, mentally-retarded.
• tuffer - a sheep hard to shear; a tough one.
• tweed - a child; a teen-ager.

W

• walter - a telephone. Named after Walter Levi, the first person in town to have one installed.
• weese - a small child; an infant
• Wes - a harmless fish.
• Wheeler - a fit; a tantrum.
• wilk - a wild cat.

Z

• zeese - coffee: Zachariah Clifton "Z.C." or Zeese Blevens was a coffee drinker who liked his coffee strong.

Sources

Rawles, Myrtle R. (1966); Boontling: The Strange Boonville Language. California Folklore Society.

Further reading

• Boontling: An American Lingo, by Charles Adams, ISBN 0-939665-05-0.
• A Slib of Lorey (translation: A bit of folklore) by Edna Sanders, no ISBN.
• English to Boontling by Judy Belshe-Toernblom. Published by JudyBelshe@aol.com ISBN 978-0-9655530-2-5

External links

• Boontling: An American Lingo
• http://www.andersonvalleymuseum.org/boont.html History of Boontling at the Anderson Valley Museum
• Mendocino Middle School Boontling Dictionary
• Haddock, Vicki. "Hamlet's Dying Lingo" in San Francisco Chronicle, February 5, 2001.
• Voices of The Valley (Anderson Valley): Bobby Glover