Breakthrough of the Year
Encyclopedia
The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award made by the journal Science
for the most significant development in scientific research. Originating in 1989 as the Molecule of the Year, inspired by Time's Man of the Year
, it was renamed the Breakthrough of the Year in 1996. The Breakthrough of the Year is widely recognized as one of the highest distinctions in science.
Since 2002 the Molecule of the Year has been awarded by the International Society For Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology Protocols and Researches (ISMCBBPR).
Science (journal)
Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is one of the world's top scientific journals....
for the most significant development in scientific research. Originating in 1989 as the Molecule of the Year, inspired by Time's Man of the Year
Person of the Year
Person of the Year is an annual issue of the United States newsmagazine Time that features and profiles a person, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that "for better or for worse, ...has done the most to influence the events of the year."- History :The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year...
, it was renamed the Breakthrough of the Year in 1996. The Breakthrough of the Year is widely recognized as one of the highest distinctions in science.
Molecule of the year
- 1989 PCR and DNA polymeraseDNA polymeraseA DNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps catalyze in the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand. DNA polymerases are best known for their feedback role in DNA replication, in which the polymerase "reads" an intact DNA strand as a template and uses it to synthesize the new strand....
- 1990 the manufacture of synthetic diamonds
- 1991 buckminsterfullereneBuckminsterfullereneBuckminsterfullerene is a spherical fullerene molecule with the formula . It was first intentionally prepared in 1985 by Harold Kroto, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley at Rice University...
- 1992 nitric oxideNitric oxideNitric oxide, also known as nitrogen monoxide, is a diatomic molecule with chemical formula NO. It is a free radical and is an important intermediate in the chemical industry...
- 1993 p53P53p53 , is a tumor suppressor protein that in humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. p53 is crucial in multicellular organisms, where it regulates the cell cycle and, thus, functions as a tumor suppressor that is involved in preventing cancer...
- 1994 DNA repairDNA repairDNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1...
enzyme
Since 2002 the Molecule of the Year has been awarded by the International Society For Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology Protocols and Researches (ISMCBBPR).
- 2002 All-trans-Retinoic AcidRetinoic acidRetinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development. Retinoic acid is required in chordate animals which includes all higher animals from fishes to humans...
- 2003 Adenovirus GP&NP of the EbolaEbolaEbola virus disease is the name for the human disease which may be caused by any of the four known ebolaviruses. These four viruses are: Bundibugyo virus , Ebola virus , Sudan virus , and Taï Forest virus...
Vaccine - 2004 Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide
- 2005 4E10
- 2006 hsa-mir-155 and hsa-let-7a-2
- 2007 PKD2L1PKD2L1Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 1 protein also known as transient receptor potential polycystic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD2L1 gene.- Function :...
- 2008 anti-SAG 421-433 catalytic IgA
- 2009 Sleeping Beauty Transposase SB 100X
- 2010 FOXM1FOXM1Forkhead box protein M1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXM1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the FOX family of transcription factors...
Breakthrough of the year
- 1996 understanding HIVHIVHuman immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
- 1997 Dolly the sheepDolly the SheepDolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh in Scotland...
, the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells - 1998 the accelerating universe, dark matterDark matterIn astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that neither emits nor scatters light or other electromagnetic radiation, and so cannot be directly detected via optical or radio astronomy...
- 1999 capturing the promise of youth with stem cells
- 2000 Full genome sequencingFull genome sequencingFull genome sequencing , also known as whole genome sequencing , complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time...
- 2001 nanocircuits or molecular circuit
- 2002 small RNAs
- 2003 dark energyDark energyIn physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial mechanics, dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted theory to explain recent observations that the universe appears to be expanding...
- 2004 Spirit roverSpirit roverSpirit, MER-A , is a robotic rover on Mars, active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of NASA's ongoing Mars Exploration Rover Mission. It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, Opportunity , landed on the other side of the planet...
landed on MarsMarsMars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the "Red Planet", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance... - 2005 evolutionEvolutionEvolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.Life on Earth...
in action - 2006 proof of the Poincaré conjecturePoincaré conjectureIn mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the three-dimensional sphere , which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space...
- 2007 Human genetic variationHuman genetic variationHuman genetic variation refers to genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population , leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: that allele is...
- 2008 Cellular reprogramming
- 2009 Ardipithecus ramidus
- 2010 The first quantum machineQuantum machineA quantum machine is a human-made device whose collective motion follows the laws of quantum mechanics. The idea that macroscopic objects may follow the laws of quantum mechanics dates back to the advent of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century. However, as highlighted by the Schrödinger's...