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Buk (drum)
Encyclopedia
The buk is a traditional Korea
n drum
. While the term buk is a native Korean word used as a generic term meaning "drum" (the Sino-Korean word being go), it is most often used to refer to a shallow barrel
-shaped drum, with a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin. Buk are categorized as hyeokbu (혁부) which are instruments made with leather, and has been used for jeongak
(Korean court music) and folk music.
The buk used for court music are usually fixed with nails on the rims, while ones used for folk music are usually tied up with leather straps to form the shape. Performers in the court music usually beat their buk with bukchae (북채, a drum stick
) on one hand or two hands together, while drummers in the folk music commonly beat their buk with it on their right hand as hitting the other side of the buk with their bare left hand. A while ago, even jong (종, bell) was referred to as "soebuk" (쇠북, metal drum) and included in the buk category.
Buk have been used for Korean music
since the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
(57 BC – 668 AD) in light of mural paintings in Anak Tomb
of Goguryeo
(37 BC – 668 AD) and records of Book of Sui
on the kingdoms, Goguryeo
and Baekje
(18 BC – 660 AD). In the 3rd of Anak Tomb, two types of buk are depicted in the paintings titled Juakdo (주악도, , "painging of playing music") and Haengryeoldo (행렬도, , "painting of marching") such as ipgo (입고) and damgo (담고) respectively. The ipgo is a buk that performers beat as standing, while the damgo is a buk that drummers strik as carrying it on their shoulder.
During the Unified Silla
period (668 – 935), daego (대고) or keunbuk, meaning "a big drum", was used along with a percussion instrument named bak (박) in a music played by Samhyeon samjuk (삼현삼죽, 三絃三竹) which comprises samhyeon, three string instruments such as geomungo
, gayageum
, and hyangbipa
and samjuk such as daegeum
, junggeum
and sogeum
. In the Goryeo
period (918 – 1392), as dangak
and aak
were introduced to Korea from China
, a lot of buk such as janggu
, gyobanggo, jingo began to be used for the court music.
In the Joseon period, scores of buk were used for the royal court music including janggu, jwago, yonggo, gyobanggo, jingo, jeolgo, nogo and others. Among them janggu was also used for folk music, and later became the most commonly used instrument.
While there are twenty types of buk used in the present Korean traditional music, most commonly used buk are jwago to perform Samhyeon yukgak (삼현육각, 三絃六角), yonggo for marching music, gyobango for bukchum (북춤, drum dance), beopgo for Buddhist ritual ceremonies, sogo used by Namsadang
, and street musicians, soribuk or called gojangbuk for pansori
, maegubuk (or called nongakbuk) used for nongak, and motbanggo used by farmers as working.
There are two forms of undecorated buk used in Korean folk music: the buk used to accompany pansori
, which has tacked heads, is called a sori-buk (소리북),photo while the buk used to accompany pungmul
music, which has laced heads, is called pungmul-buk (풍물북).photo The sori-buk is played with both an open left hand and a stick made of birch
that is held in the right hand, with the stick striking both the right drumhead and the wood of the drum's body. The pungmul-buk is one of the four instruments used in samul nori
, a modern performance version of pungmul.http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1208 It is played by striking a single stick (usually with the right hand) on only one of its heads.
Due to its similarity in shape and construction, the yonggo (hangul: 용고; hanja: 龍鼓; literally "dragon drum"), which is a barrel drum with tacked heads decorated with painted dragon designs and used in the military wind-and-percussion music called daechwita
, is sometimes also classified as a form of buk. It is struck with two padded sticks.
A modern set of buk (usually four) is called modeum buk (모듬북).photo They are typically placed horizontally on wooden stands and played with sticks.photo
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
n drum
Drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments, which is technically classified as the membranophones. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with the player's hands, or with a...
. While the term buk is a native Korean word used as a generic term meaning "drum" (the Sino-Korean word being go), it is most often used to refer to a shallow barrel
Barrel
A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of vertical wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. Traditionally, the barrel was a standard size of measure referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. A small barrel is called a keg.For example, a...
-shaped drum, with a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin. Buk are categorized as hyeokbu (혁부) which are instruments made with leather, and has been used for jeongak
Jeongak
Jeongak is that category of Korean music which is considered classical, as distinct from minsogak which is folk music. The category has traditionally been associated with the upper classes....
(Korean court music) and folk music.
History
Drum stick
A percussion mallet is an object used to beat drums and other percussion instruments. Some specialized mallets are called beaters, drumsticks.Note: See Rute .-Drum sticks:...
) on one hand or two hands together, while drummers in the folk music commonly beat their buk with it on their right hand as hitting the other side of the buk with their bare left hand. A while ago, even jong (종, bell) was referred to as "soebuk" (쇠북, metal drum) and included in the buk category.
Buk have been used for Korean music
Korean music
Traditional Korean music includes both the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean music, along with arts, painting, and sculpture has been practiced since prehistoric times....
since the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium...
(57 BC – 668 AD) in light of mural paintings in Anak Tomb
Anak Tomb No.3
Anak Tomb No. 3 is a chamber tomb of Goguryeo located in Anak, North Korea. It is known for mural paintings and an epitaph. It is part of the Complex of Goguryeo Tombs....
of Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
(37 BC – 668 AD) and records of Book of Sui
Book of Sui
The Book of Sui was the official history of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty, and it ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was compiled by a team of historians led by the Tang Dynasty official Wei Zheng and was completed in 636.-External links:* of the Book of Sui,...
on the kingdoms, Goguryeo
Goguryeo
Goguryeo or Koguryŏ was an ancient Korean kingdom located in present day northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Russian Maritime province....
and Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
(18 BC – 660 AD). In the 3rd of Anak Tomb, two types of buk are depicted in the paintings titled Juakdo (주악도, , "painging of playing music") and Haengryeoldo (행렬도, , "painting of marching") such as ipgo (입고) and damgo (담고) respectively. The ipgo is a buk that performers beat as standing, while the damgo is a buk that drummers strik as carrying it on their shoulder.
During the Unified Silla
Unified Silla
Unified Silla or Later Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, when it conquered Baekje in 660 and Goguryeo in 668, unifying the southern portion of the Korean peninsula...
period (668 – 935), daego (대고) or keunbuk, meaning "a big drum", was used along with a percussion instrument named bak (박) in a music played by Samhyeon samjuk (삼현삼죽, 三絃三竹) which comprises samhyeon, three string instruments such as geomungo
Geomungo
The geomungo or hyeongeum is a traditional Korean stringed musical instrument of the zither family of instruments with both bridges and frets...
, gayageum
Gayageum
The gayageum or kayagum is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings, although more recently variants have been constructed with 21 or other numbers of strings. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument...
, and hyangbipa
Bipa
The bipa is a pear-shape lute that is a traditional Korean musical instrument which is related to the Chinese pipa, the Vietnamese đàn tỳ bà and the Japanese biwa. Attempts to revive it have failed due to fact that there are no existing professional players .In the past, there were two types of...
and samjuk such as daegeum
Daegeum
The daegeum is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a special timbre...
, junggeum
Junggeum
The junggeum is a medium-sized bamboo transverse flute formerly used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum, it does not have a buzzing membrane...
and sogeum
Sogeum
The sogeum is a small bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. Unlike the larger daegeum, it does not have a buzzing membrane...
. In the Goryeo
Goryeo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which came to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
period (918 – 1392), as dangak
Dangak
Dangak is a genre of traditional Korean court music. The name means "Tang music," and the style was first adapted from Tang Dynasty Chinese music during the Unified Silla period in the late first millennium...
and aak
Aak
Aak is a genre of Korean court music. It is an imported form of Chinese ritual music. Aak is often labeled as "elegant music" in contrast with other traditional Korean music...
were introduced to Korea from China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, a lot of buk such as janggu
Janggu
The janggu or sometimes called seyogo is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. It is available in most kinds, and consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from animal skin...
, gyobanggo, jingo began to be used for the court music.
In the Joseon period, scores of buk were used for the royal court music including janggu, jwago, yonggo, gyobanggo, jingo, jeolgo, nogo and others. Among them janggu was also used for folk music, and later became the most commonly used instrument.
While there are twenty types of buk used in the present Korean traditional music, most commonly used buk are jwago to perform Samhyeon yukgak (삼현육각, 三絃六角), yonggo for marching music, gyobango for bukchum (북춤, drum dance), beopgo for Buddhist ritual ceremonies, sogo used by Namsadang
Namsadang
The namsadang is a Korean itinerant troupe which consists of male performers who present various performing arts such as acrobatics, singing, dancing and playing like a circus....
, and street musicians, soribuk or called gojangbuk for pansori
Pansori
Pansori is a genre of Korean traditional music. It is a vocal and percussional music performed by one sorikkun and one gosu . The term pansori is derived from pan , and sori .- Overview :...
, maegubuk (or called nongakbuk) used for nongak, and motbanggo used by farmers as working.
Usages
Pansori
Pansori is a genre of Korean traditional music. It is a vocal and percussional music performed by one sorikkun and one gosu . The term pansori is derived from pan , and sori .- Overview :...
, which has tacked heads, is called a sori-buk (소리북),photo while the buk used to accompany pungmul
Pungmul
Pungmul is a Korean folk music tradition that includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with tens of players, all in constant motion. Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work, on rural holidays, at other village...
music, which has laced heads, is called pungmul-buk (풍물북).photo The sori-buk is played with both an open left hand and a stick made of birch
Birch
Birch is a tree or shrub of the genus Betula , in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. The Betula genus contains 30–60 known taxa...
that is held in the right hand, with the stick striking both the right drumhead and the wood of the drum's body. The pungmul-buk is one of the four instruments used in samul nori
Samul nori
Samul nori is a genre of traditional percussion music originating in Korea. The word samul means "four objects" and nori means "play"; samul nori is performed with four traditional Korean musical instruments:* Kkwaenggwari...
, a modern performance version of pungmul.http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?1208 It is played by striking a single stick (usually with the right hand) on only one of its heads.
Due to its similarity in shape and construction, the yonggo (hangul: 용고; hanja: 龍鼓; literally "dragon drum"), which is a barrel drum with tacked heads decorated with painted dragon designs and used in the military wind-and-percussion music called daechwita
Daechwita
Daechwita is a genre of Korean traditional music consisting of military music played by wind and percussion instruments, generally performed while marching...
, is sometimes also classified as a form of buk. It is struck with two padded sticks.
A modern set of buk (usually four) is called modeum buk (모듬북).photo They are typically placed horizontally on wooden stands and played with sticks.photo
Types
- JangguJangguThe janggu or sometimes called seyogo is the most widely used drum used in the traditional music of Korea. It is available in most kinds, and consists of an hourglass-shaped body with two heads made from animal skin...
or Janggo (hangul: 장고 or 장구; hanja: 杖鼓 or 長鼓) - A double-headed hourglass-shaped drum played with one stick in each hand, or with one stick and one hand - GalgoGalgoThe galgo is a traditional Korean drum. The drum has an hourglass-shaped wooden body and two drum heads of identical diameter, similar to the janggu. Compared to the janggu, the galgo is fitted with a sound-adjusting funnel different from that of the janggu...
(hangul: 갈고; hanja: 羯鼓) - Double-headed hourglass-shaped drum similar to the janggo but played with two sticks and thinner drum heads; sometimes called yanggo or yangjanggo; no longer commonly usedhttp://www.kcaf.or.kr/ehome3/english/galgo.htm - Jingo (hangul: 진고; hanja: 晉鼓) - Largest barrel drum
- Jeolgo (hangul: 절고; hanja: ) - Barrel drum
- Jwago (hangul: 좌고; hanja: ) - A barrel drum in a wooden frame
- Geongo (hangul: 건고; hanja: ) - Huge barrel drum
- Yonggo (hangul: 용고; hanja: ) - A barrel drum with a dragon painted on its shell; used in daechwitaDaechwitaDaechwita is a genre of Korean traditional music consisting of military music played by wind and percussion instruments, generally performed while marching...
- Eunggo (hangul: 응고; hanja: ) - Barrel drum suspended from a frame
- Sakgo - (hangul: 삭고; hanja: ) - A long barrel drum suspended from a wooden frame
- Gyobanggo (hangul: 교방고; hanja: ) - Flat drum suspended from a frame
- Junggo (hangul: 중고; hanja: ) - Flat drum suspended from a frame; similar to the gyobanggo but larger
- Sogo (hangul: 소고; hanja: ) - A small hand-held drum
- Nogo (hangul: 노고; hanja: ) - A set of two drums pierced by a pole
- Nodo (hangul: 노도; hanja: ) - A set of two small drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music
- Yeongdo (hangul: 노도; hanja:) - Four drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music
- Noedo (hangul: 뇌도; hanja: )) - six small drums hung in a frame; used in ritual music
- Noego (hangul: 뇌고; hanja: ) - Three small barrel drums on a pole, which is twisted to play; used in ritual music
- Do (도) - single pellet drum on a pole
External links
- Buk page from NCKTPA site