Burmese numerals
Encyclopedia
Burmese numerals are a set of numeral
s traditionally used in the Burmese language
, although the Arabic numerals
are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
commonly used in the rest of the world.
1 Burmese for zero
comes from Sanskrit
śūnya.
2 Can be pronounced kʰʊ̀ɴ.
Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.
These pronunciation shifts are exclusively confined to spoken Burmese and are not spelt any differently.
1 Shifts to voiced consonant following three, four, five, and nine.
Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including (one).
Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.
Hence, a number like 301 is pronounced [θóuɴ ja̰ tɪʔ] , while 300 is pronounced [θóuɴ jà] .
The digits of a number are expressed in order of decreasing digits place. For example, 1,234,567 is expressed as follows (where the highlighted portions represent numbers whose tone has shifted from low → creaky:
1 When combined with the numeral place, the pronunciations for 1 and 2 shift from a checked tone (glottal stop) to an open vowel ([ə]).
s (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. , not , for "20 bottles"). The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.
equivalents. They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle ([mjauʔ], lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + measure word
+ .
Number names
In linguistics, number names are specific words in a natural language that represent numbers.In writing, numerals are symbols also representing numbers...
s traditionally used in the Burmese language
Burmese language
The Burmese language is the official language of Burma. Although the constitution officially recognizes it as the Myanmar language, most English speakers continue to refer to the language as Burmese. Burmese is the native language of the Bamar and related sub-ethnic groups of the Bamar, as well as...
, although the Arabic numerals
Arabic numerals
Arabic numerals or Hindu numerals or Hindu-Arabic numerals or Indo-Arabic numerals are the ten digits . They are descended from the Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians, in which a sequence of digits such as "975" is read as a numeral...
are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
Hindu-Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Hindu numeral system is a positional decimal numeral system developed between the 1st and 5th centuries by Indian mathematicians, adopted by Persian and Arab mathematicians , and spread to the western world...
commonly used in the rest of the world.
Main numbers
Zero to nine
| Number | | Burmese | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written (MLCTS) | IPA | |
| 0 | 1 (su.nya.) |
θòuɴɲa̰ | |
| 1 | (tac) |
tɪʔ | |
| 2 | (hnac) |
n̥ɪʔ | |
| 3 | (sum:) |
θóuɴ | |
| 4 | (le:) |
lé | |
| 5 | (nga:) |
ŋá | |
| 6 | (hkrauk) |
tɕʰauʔ | |
| 7 | (hku. hnac) |
kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ2 | |
| 8 | (hrac) |
ʃɪʔ | |
| 9 | (kui:) |
kó | |
| 10 | (hcay) |
sʰɛ̀ | |
1 Burmese for zero
0 (number)
0 is both a numberand the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals.It fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems...
comes from Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
śūnya.
2 Can be pronounced kʰʊ̀ɴ.
Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.
- For one, two, and seven (all of which end in the rhyme [-ɪʔ]), when combined, shift to an open vowel, namely the schwa ([ə])
- For three, four, five, and nine which all have the long tone (similar to the flat tone in pinyin), when combined, the word immediately following it, given that it begins with a consonant, shifts to a voiced consonant (e.g., , "40" is pronounced [lé zɛ̀], not [lé sʰɛ̀]). Other suffixes such as ([tʰàuɴ]; thousand), ([θáuɴ]; ten thousand), ([θéiɴ]; hundred thousand), and ([θáɴ]; million}} all shift to ([dàuɴ]; thousand), ([ðáuɴ]; ten thousand), ([ðéiɴ]; hundred thousand), and [ðáɴ]; million), respectively.
- For six and eight, no pronunciation shift occurs.
These pronunciation shifts are exclusively confined to spoken Burmese and are not spelt any differently.
Ten to a million
| Number | | Burmese | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Numeral | Written | IPA | |
| 10 | təsʰɛ̀1 | ||
| 11 | təsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ or sʰɛʔ tɪʔ | ||
| 12 | təsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ or sʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ | ||
| 20 | n̥əsʰɛ̀ | ||
| 21 | n̥əsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ or n̥əsʰɛʔ tɪʔ | ||
| 22 | n̥əsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ or n̥əsʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ | ||
| 100 | jà | ||
| 1 000 | tʰàuɴ1 | ||
| 10 000 | θáuɴ1 | ||
| 100 000 | θéiɴ1 | ||
| 1 000 000 | θáɴ1 | ||
| 10 000 000 | ɡədè | ||
| 100 000 000 | pəkɔ́dḭ | ||
1 Shifts to voiced consonant following three, four, five, and nine.
Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including (one).
Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.
- Numbers in the tens place: shift from ([sʰɛ̀], low tone) to ([sʰɛ̰], creaky tone), except in numbers divisible by ten (10, 20, 30, etc.) In typical speech, the shift goes farther to ([sʰɛʔ] or [zɛʔ]).
- Numbers in the hundreds place: shift from ([jà], low tone) to ([ja̰], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 100.
- Numbers in the thousands place: shift from ([tʰàuɴ], low tone) to ([tʰa̰uɴ], creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 1000.
Hence, a number like 301 is pronounced [θóuɴ ja̰ tɪʔ] , while 300 is pronounced [θóuɴ jà] .
The digits of a number are expressed in order of decreasing digits place. For example, 1,234,567 is expressed as follows (where the highlighted portions represent numbers whose tone has shifted from low → creaky:
| Numeral | 1,000,000 | 200,000 | 30,000 | 4,000 | 500 | 60 | 7 | |
| Burmese | ||||||||
| IPA | [təθáɴ]1 | [n̥əθeiɴ]1 | [θóuɴ ðáuɴ] | [lé da̰uɴ] | [ŋá ja̰] | [tɕʰauʔ sʰɛ̰] | [kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ] | |
| Written | ||||||||
1 When combined with the numeral place, the pronunciations for 1 and 2 shift from a checked tone (glottal stop) to an open vowel ([ə]).
Round number rule
When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is: number + measure word (e.g. for "5 cups"). However, for round numberRound number
A round number is mathematically defined as the product of a considerable number of comparatively small factors as compared to its neighbouring numbers, such as 24 = 2*2*2*3 .However, a round number is informally considered to be an integer that ends with one or more zeroes , such...
s (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. , not , for "20 bottles"). The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.
Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth (and rarely eleventh), are Burmese pronunciations of their PaliPáli
- External links :* *...
equivalents. They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle ([mjauʔ], lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + measure word
Burmese numerical classifiers
In Burmese, measure words, in the form of particles, are used when counting or measuring nouns. They immediately follow the number, unless the number is a round number , in which case, the measure word precedes the number...
+ .
| Ordinal | decimal separator Decimal separator Different symbols have been and are used for the decimal mark. The choice of symbol for the decimal mark affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping. Consequently the latter is treated in this article as well.... is located. For example, 10.1 is ([sʰè da̰ (daʔ) θəma̰ tɪʔ]). Half (1/2) is expressed primarily by ([təwɛʔ]), although , and are also used. Quarter (1/4) is expressed with ([ʔəseiʔ]) or . Other fractional numbers are verbally expressed as follows: denominator + ([pòuɴ]) + numerator + . literally translates as "portion." For example, 3/4 would be expressed as , literally "of four portions, three portions. Alternate numbersOther numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language. They are exceedingly rare and usually from PaliPáli - External links :* *... or Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand... . ([ʔèka̰]), from Pali ḗka, means one. ([dwḭ]), from Pali, means two. ([tɹḭ]), from Sanskrit tri, means three and ([zətṵ]), from Pali, means four (as in the four cardinal points . , a Hindi-derived word for four (चार), is used very rarely. See also
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