Chemokine receptor-like 1 also known as ChemR23 (Chemerin Receptor 23) is a protein

Protein

Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

 that in humans is encoded by the CMKLR1 gene

Gene

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

. Chemokine receptor-like 1 is a G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal...

 for the chemoattractant adipokine chemerin

Chemerin

Chemerin, also known as retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 , tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein , or RAR-responsive protein TIG2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RARRES2 gene.- Function :...

 and the omega-3 fatty acid

Omega-3 fatty acid

N−3 fatty acids are essential unsaturated fatty acids with a double bond starting after the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain....

 derived molecule resolvin E1

Resolvins

Resolvins are compounds that are made by the human body from the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid . They are produced by the COX-2 pathway especially in the presence of aspirin...

. The murine

Murinae

The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae and Muridae, and is larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the...

 receptor that shares almost 80% homology with the human receptor, is called Dez.

Tissue distribution

CMKLR1 shows wide RNA expression profile but is notably high in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophage

Macrophage

Macrophages are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. Human macrophages are about in diameter. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms of vertebrate animals...

s, cardiomyocyte

Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium. Cardiac muscle is one of three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle...

s, adipocyte

Adipocyte

However, in some reports and textbooks, the number of fat cell increased in childhood and adolescence. The total number is constant in both obese and lean adult...

s and endothelial

Endothelium

The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. These cells are called endothelial cells. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart...

 cells.

Function

Activating CMKLR1 by an agonist

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell. Agonists often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance...

 mobilizes intracellular calcium

Calcium in biology

Calcium plays a pivotal role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. It plays an important role in signal transduction pathways, where it acts as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, contraction of all muscle cell types, and fertilization...

 and causes the activation of several other signaling cascades like the ERK1

MAPK3

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK3 gene.-Interactions:MAPK3 has been shown to interact with PTPN7, SPIB, GTF2I, DUSP3, HDAC4, RPS6KA2, MAP2K1, DUSP6 and MAP2K2.-Further reading:...

 and NF-κB. Initial studies of CMKLR1 suggested that it might have a role in the inflammatory pathways. Its cognate ligand, chemerin was found in joint aspirate from rheumatoid arthritis and absent in aspirate from degenerative arthritis. CMKLR1 expression by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and macrophages also helped foster this idea. In vitro chemotaxis

Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis is the phenomenon in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food by swimming towards the highest concentration of food molecules,...

 assays showed it to be utilized in attracting these cells. As a adipokine

Adipokine

The adipokines or adipocytokines are cytokines secreted by adipose tissue.Members include:* chemerin* interleukin-6...

 receptor it has a role in adipogenesis

Adipogenesis

Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes.. Adipogenesishas been one of the most intensively studied model of cellular differentiation.-References:...

 and adipocyte maturation. It seems also to have a role in peripheral insulin resistance

Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a physiological condition where the natural hormone insulin becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars. The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects, depending on dietary conditions. Certain cell types...

.

Also studies using the mouse zymosan

Zymosan

Zymosan is a glucan with repeating glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. It binds to TLR 2.Zymosan is prepared from yeast cell wall and consists of protein-carbohydrate complexes. It is used to induce experimental sterile inflammation...

 model and chemerin peptides

Chemerin peptides

Chemerin Peptides are short peptides that are produced from the carboxyl terminus of the chemokine chemerin. They display the same activities as chemerin ,although at higher efficacy and potency....

 showed that these peptides suppressed and helped resolve the peritonitis

Peritonitis

Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that lines part of the abdominal cavity and viscera. Peritonitis may be localised or generalised, and may result from infection or from a non-infectious process.-Abdominal pain and tenderness:The main manifestations of...

 in mice. The same model showed that this particular molecule enhances macrophage efferocytosis

Efferocytosis

In cell biology, efferocytosis is the process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells...

 (phagocyting apoptotic cells

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...

).

Further reading