CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v Gallaher Ltd [1993] EWCA Civ 19 is an English contract law

English contract law

English contract law is a body of law regulating contracts in England and Wales. With its roots in the lex mercatoria and the activism of the judiciary during the industrial revolution, it shares a heritage with countries across the Commonwealth , and the United States...

 case relating to duress

Duress

In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner...

. It raised the question whether an act could be considered to be economic duress if the act would in any event be lawful.

Facts

CTN Cash and Carry Ltd had a dispute with Gallaher Ltd dispute about whether CTN should pay for some cigarettes that were delivered to the wrong warehouse and got stolen before Gallaher Ltd could pick them up again and take them to another warehouse. Gallaher believed that CTN was liable, because the risk of any had already passed, and threatened to withdraw CTN’s credit facility for future dealings. They were entitled to do this for any reason. CTN paid. Later it was determined that the risk of the lost cigarettes was not on CTN and they sued for repayment.

Judgment

Steyn LJ held that the threatened withdrawal of future credit was not duress, but he expressly refrained from saying there could never be ‘lawful act duress’ in a commercial context. He said the move would be a ‘radical one with far-reaching implications… introduce a substanital and undesirable element of uncertainty in the commercial bargaining process.’
‘It is an unattractive result, inasmuch as the defendants are allowed to retain a sum which at the trial they became aware was not in truth due to them. But in my view the law compels the result.’

See also

• English contract law
  English contract law
  English contract law is a body of law regulating contracts in England and Wales. With its roots in the lex mercatoria and the activism of the judiciary during the industrial revolution, it shares a heritage with countries across the Commonwealth , and the United States...
  
  
• Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy
  Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy
  Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy [1974] is a landmark case in English contract law, on undue influence. It is remarkable for the judgment of Lord Denning MR who advanced that English law should adopt the approach developing in some American jurisdictions that all impairments of autonomy could be collected...
  
  [1975] QB 326
• Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.
  Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.
  Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445 , was a court opinion, written by Judge J. Skelly Wright, that had a definitive discussion of unconscionability as a defense to enforcement of contracts in American contract law. As a staple of first-year law school contract law courses, it has...
  
  350 F.2d 445 (C.A. D.C. 1965)

• Huyton SA v Peter Cremer GmbH & Co Linc [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 620, 638-9 per Mance J that the onus of proof to show a sufficient causal link between duress and the contract is on the claimant. While it was ‘not necessary to go so far as to say that it is an inflexible third essential ingredient of economic duress that there should be no or no practical alternative course open to the innocent party’ it is ‘self sevident that relief may not be appropriate, if an innocent party decides, as a matter of choice, not to pursue an alternative remedy which any and possibly some other reasonable persons in his circumstances would have pursued’.