Cable-stayed bridge
Encyclopedia
A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge
that consists of one or more column
s (normally referred to as towers or pylons), with cable
s supporting the bridge deck.
There are two major classes of cable-stayed bridges: In a harp design, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to various points on the tower(s) so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).
Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is optimal for spans longer than typically seen in cantilever bridge
s, and shorter than those typically requiring a suspension bridge
. This is the range in which cantilever spans would rapidly grow heavier if they were lengthened, and in which suspension cabling does not get more economical, were the span to be shortened.
, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath
(1836), and the later Albert Bridge
(1872) and Brooklyn Bridge
(1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge, and John A. Roebling
took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
.
The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron bridge
with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas
(1890), or his weeks-earlier but ruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas
and Gordon, Texas
(1889 or 1890). In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899), in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge at Lézardrieux
in Brittany
(1924). Eduardo Torroja
designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in 1926. Albert Caquot
's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte
is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development. The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge
designed by Franz Dischinger
(1955) is therefore more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.
Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda
, Riccardo Morandi
and Fritz Leonhardt
. Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the Theodor Heuss Bridge
(1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.
, but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction. In the suspension bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or to a massive structure. These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension
from only their own weight. Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable, and used to support the load of the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables. As this is done the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of vehicles or persons crossing the bridge. The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages, which are sometimes difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.
In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers form the primary load-bearing structure. A cantilever approach is often used for support of the bridge deck near the towers, but areas further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. This has the disadvantage, compared to the suspension bridge, of the cables pulling to the sides as opposed to directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads; but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist a horizontal pull of the cables, as in the suspension bridge. All static horizontal forces are balanced so that the supporting tower does not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to resist such forces from the live loads.
Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows:
A side-spar cable-stayed bridge
uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design could allow the construction of a curved bridge.
, Sundial Bridge is a pedestrian bridge that uses a single cantilever spar
on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike the other cable-stayed types shown this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon
of a large garden sundial
. Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava
include the Puente del Alamillo
(1992), Puente de la Mujer
(2001), and Chords Bridge
(2008).
In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutment
s by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties both in the design of the deck and the pylons.
Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge
, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct
and Mezcala Bridge
, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge
and San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans - this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.
The extradosed bridge
is a cable-stayed bridge but with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span.
, completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed in 2007.
A self-anchored suspension bridge
has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the suspension bridge
in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by falsework
during construction and so it is more expensive to construct.
Bridge
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle...
that consists of one or more column
Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
s (normally referred to as towers or pylons), with cable
Cable
A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry...
s supporting the bridge deck.
There are two major classes of cable-stayed bridges: In a harp design, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching them to various points on the tower(s) so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).
Compared to other bridge types, the cable-stayed is optimal for spans longer than typically seen in cantilever bridge
Cantilever bridge
A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers, structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end. For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from...
s, and shorter than those typically requiring a suspension bridge
Suspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century...
. This is the range in which cantilever spans would rapidly grow heavier if they were lengthened, and in which suspension cabling does not get more economical, were the span to be shortened.
History of development
Cable-stayed bridges can be dated back to 1595, where designs were found in a book by the Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio, called Machinae Novae. Many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh BridgeDryburgh Bridge
Dryburgh Bridge refers to two different footbridges erected near Dryburgh Abbey, Borders, Scotland, between the villages of Dryburgh and St. Boswells , across the River Tweed...
, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath
Victoria Bridge, Bath
Victoria Bridge in Bath, England was built in 1836 across the River Avon. The bridge has been recognised as a Grade II* listed building.The bridge is an important example of a cable-stayed bridge which initially carried horses and carts but later carried cyclists and pedestrians until its closure...
(1836), and the later Albert Bridge
Albert Bridge, London
Albert Bridge is a Grade II* listed road bridge over the River Thames in West London, connecting Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank...
(1872) and Brooklyn Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River...
(1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge, and John A. Roebling
John A. Roebling
John Augustus Roebling was a German-born American civil engineer. He is famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs, in particular, the design of the Brooklyn Bridge.-Early life:...
took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge was the world's first working railway suspension bridge. It spanned and stood downstream of Niagara Falls from 1855 to 1897...
.
The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron bridge
Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge
The Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge is a historic bridge located near Bluff Dale, Texas, United States. The bridge was built in 1891 and the spans 225 feet across the Paluxy River...
with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas
Bluff Dale, Texas
Bluff Dale is an unincorporated community in Erath County, Texas, United States.The Bluff Dale Independent School District serves area students.- History :BLUFF DALE, Texas is on U.S. Highway 377 and the North Paluxy River in northeastern Erath County...
(1890), or his weeks-earlier but ruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas
Huckabay, Texas
Huckabay is an unincorporated community located on State Highway 108, ten miles north of Stephenville in Erath County, Texas, United States. It had a population of approximately 150 in 1990.The Huckabay Independent School District serves area students....
and Gordon, Texas
Gordon, Texas
Gordon is a city in Palo Pinto County, Texas, United States. The population was 478 at the 2010 Census.Former Olympic athlete and conservative political figure Bob Richards raises miniature horses in Gordon.-Geography:...
(1889 or 1890). In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899), in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge at Lézardrieux
Lézardrieux
Lézardrieux is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Bretagne in northwestern France.The village is situated near the mouth of the estuary of the Trieux river - the suspension bridge across the river at this point is a French national monument...
in Brittany
Brittany
Brittany is a cultural and administrative region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain...
(1924). Eduardo Torroja
Eduardo Torroja
Eduardo Torroja y Miret, was a Spanish structural engineer, pioneer in the design of concrete-shell structures. His first large project was the Tempul cable-stayed aqueduct in 1926, Guadalete, Jerez de la Frontera, in which he used prestressed girders, and he made his name with the concrete...
designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in 1926. Albert Caquot
Albert Caquot
Albert Caquot was considered as the "best living French engineer" during half a century. He received the “Croix de guerre 1914-1918” and was Grand-croix of the Légion d’Honneur...
's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte
Pierrelatte
Pierrelatte is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.-Population:-References:*...
is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development. The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge
Strömsund Bridge
The Strömsund Bridge is a cable-stayed road bridge, bringing road E45 over Ströms vattudal, in Strömsund, Jämtland, Sweden.The bridge is 332 m long, with a 182 m long span...
designed by Franz Dischinger
Franz Dischinger
Franz Dischinger was a pioneering German civil and structural engineer, responsible for the development of the modern cable-stayed bridge...
(1955) is therefore more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.
Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda
Fabrizio de Miranda
Fabrizio de Miranda is an Italian bridges and structural engineer, and university professor.-Career:He graduated with a degree in civil engineering in 1950 from the University of Naples. Since 1955 he introduced in Italy the steel-concrete composite structures, mainly in the field of bridges...
, Riccardo Morandi
Riccardo Morandi
Riccardo Morandi was an Italian civil engineer best known for his interesting use of reinforced concrete. Amongst his best known works were the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, an 8 km crossing of Lake Maracaibo incorporating seven cable-stayed bridge spans with unusual piers, and the...
and Fritz Leonhardt
Fritz Leonhardt
Fritz Leonhardt was a German structural engineer who made major contributions to 20th century bridge engineering, especially in the development of cable-stayed bridges...
. Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the Theodor Heuss Bridge
Theodor Heuss Bridge (Düsseldorf)
The Theodor Heuss Bridge also known as the Nordbrücke is a cable-stayed bridge over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf built from 1953 to 1957 with a main span of flanked on either side by spans of ....
(1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.
Comparison with suspension bridge
A multiple-tower cable-stayed bridge may appear similar to a suspension bridgeSuspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century...
, but in fact is very different in principle and in the method of construction. In the suspension bridge, a large cable hangs between two towers, and is fastened at each end to anchorages in the ground or to a massive structure. These cables form the primary load-bearing structure for the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension
Tension (mechanics)
In physics, tension is the magnitude of the pulling force exerted by a string, cable, chain, or similar object on another object. It is the opposite of compression. As tension is the magnitude of a force, it is measured in newtons and is always measured parallel to the string on which it applies...
from only their own weight. Smaller cables or rods are then suspended from the main cable, and used to support the load of the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections and attached to the suspender cables. As this is done the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of vehicles or persons crossing the bridge. The tension on the cables must be transferred to the earth by the anchorages, which are sometimes difficult to construct owing to poor soil conditions.
Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows:
- much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
- can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck
- for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spanSpan (architecture)Span is the distance between two intermediate supports for a structure, e.g. a beam or a bridge.A span can be closed by a solid beam or of a rope...
s on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required
Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
A side-spar cable-stayed bridge may be an otherwise conventional cable-stayed bridge but its cable support does not span the roadway, rather being cantilevered from one side. The bridge illustrated is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada...
uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design could allow the construction of a curved bridge.
Cantilever-spar cable-stayed bridge
Far more radical in its structure, the Redding, CaliforniaRedding, California
Redding is a city in far-Northern California. It is the county seat of Shasta County, California, USA. With a population of 89,861, according to the 2010 Census...
, Sundial Bridge is a pedestrian bridge that uses a single cantilever spar
Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
A cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge is a modern variation of the cable-stayed bridge. This design has been pioneered by the architect Santiago Calatrava. An example of this type is the Puente del Alamillo...
on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike the other cable-stayed types shown this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon
Gnomon
The gnomon is the part of a sundial that casts the shadow. Gnomon is an ancient Greek word meaning "indicator", "one who discerns," or "that which reveals."It has come to be used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields....
of a large garden sundial
Sundial
A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. In common designs such as the horizontal sundial, the sun casts a shadow from its style onto a surface marked with lines indicating the hours of the day. The style is the time-telling edge of the gnomon, often a thin rod or a...
. Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava
Santiago Calatrava
Santiago Calatrava Valls is a Spanish architect, sculptor and structural engineer whose principal office is in Zürich, Switzerland. Classed now among the elite designers of the world, he has offices in Zürich, Paris, Valencia, and New York City....
include the Puente del Alamillo
Puente del Alamillo
The Alamillo Bridge is a structure in Seville, Andalucia , which spans the Canal de Alfonso XIII, allowing access to La Cartuja, an island between the canal and the Guadalquivir River. The bridge was constructed as part of infrastructure improvements for Expo 92, which was held on a large site on...
(1992), Puente de la Mujer
Puente de la Mujer
The Puente de la Mujer is a footbridge in the Puerto Madero district of Buenos Aires, Argentina that spans dock 3 . It is of the Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge type and is also a swing bridge, but somewhat unique in its asymmetrical arrangement...
(2001), and Chords Bridge
Chords Bridge
The Jerusalem Chords Bridge or Jerusalem Bridge of Strings , also called the Jerusalem Light Rail Bridge is a cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge at the entrance to the city of Jerusalem, Israel designed by the Spanish architect and engineer Santiago Calatrava. The bridge is used by Jerusalem Light...
(2008).
Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge
Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures.In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutment
Abutment
An abutment is, generally, the point where two structures or objects meet. This word comes from the verb abut, which means adjoin or having common boundary. An abutment is an engineering term that describes a structure located at the ends of a bridge, where the bridge slab adjoins the approaching...
s by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties both in the design of the deck and the pylons.
Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge
Ting Kau Bridge
Ting Kau Bridge is a 1,177-metre long cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong that spans from the northwest of Tsing Yi Island and Tuen Mun Road. It is adjacent to Tsing Ma Bridge which also serves as major connector between the Hong Kong International Airport on Lantau Island and the rest of Hong Kong....
, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct
Millau Viaduct
The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France. Designed by the British architect Norman Foster and French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux, it is the tallest bridge in the world, with one mast's summit at . It is the...
and Mezcala Bridge
Mezcala Bridge
The Mezcala Bridge , is a cable-stayed bridge located in the state of Guerrero on Highway 95 in Mexico. It spans the Balsas River close to the western Pacific coast of the country...
, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge is located at the outlet of Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela. The bridge connects Maracaibo with much of the rest of the country...
, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge
Great Seto Bridge
The , or Seto-Ohashi Bridge, is a series of double deck bridges connecting Okayama and Kagawa prefectures in Japan across a series of five small islands in the Seto Inland Sea. Built over the period 1978–88, it is one of the three routes of the Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project connecting Honshū and...
and San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans - this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.
Extradosed bridge
Extradosed bridge
An extradosed bridge employs a structure that is frequently described as a cross between a girder bridge and a cable-stayed bridge. The name comes from the French word extradossé, which is derived from the word extrados. Extrados is defined as the exterior curve of an arch.This description is...
is a cable-stayed bridge but with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span.
Cable-stayed cradle-system bridge
A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54 cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the Penobscot Narrows BridgePenobscot Narrows Bridge
The Penobscot Narrows Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Penobscot River near Bucksport, Maine. It replaced the Waldo–Hancock Bridge, built in 1931. The new bridge is long. It is one of three bridges in the U.S...
, completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed in 2007.
Self anchored suspension bridge
Self-anchored suspension bridge
A self-anchored suspension bridge is a suspension bridge in which the main cables attach to the ends of the deck, rather than to the ground via large anchorages...
has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the suspension bridge
Suspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century...
in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by falsework
Falsework
Falsework consists of temporary structures used in construction to support spanning or arched structures in order to hold the component in place until its construction is sufficiently advanced to support itself...
during construction and so it is more expensive to construct.
Notable cable-stayed bridges
See also: List of largest cable-stayed bridges and :Category:Cable-stayed bridges- Alex Fraser BridgeAlex Fraser BridgeThe Alex Fraser Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Fraser River and connects Richmond and New Westminster with North Delta in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia. The bridge is named for Alex Fraser, a former B.C...
: when built (1986) the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the world (465 m), spanning the Fraser RiverFraser RiverThe Fraser River is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Mount Robson in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for , into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver. It is the tenth longest river in Canada...
near Vancouver, British Columbia. - Arthur Ravenel, Jr. BridgeArthur Ravenel, Jr. BridgeThe Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, also known as the New Cooper River Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge over the Cooper River in South Carolina, connecting downtown Charleston to Mount Pleasant. The eight lane bridge satisfied the capacity of U.S. Route 17 when it opened in 2005 to replace two obsolete...
(opened in 2005): the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere (471 m), spanning the Cooper RiverCooper River (South Carolina)The Cooper River is a mainly tidal river in the U.S. state of South Carolina. These cities are located along the river, Mt. Pleasant, Charleston, North Charleston, Goose Creek and Hanahan. Short and wide, it is joined first by the blackwater East Branch, then farther downstream, the tidal Wando River...
in Charleston, South CarolinaCharleston, South CarolinaCharleston is the second largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It was made the county seat of Charleston County in 1901 when Charleston County was founded. The city's original name was Charles Towne in 1670, and it moved to its present location from a location on the west bank of the...
. - Bandra Worli Sea-Link: The new 5.6-kilometre (3 mi) 8-lane twin carriagewayCarriagewayA carriageway consists of a width of road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any physical barriers or separation to move laterally...
cable-stayed bridge (main spans 2 x 250 m) of the sea-link project and the West Island FreewayWest Island FreewayThe Western Freeway is an ambitious project that envisions the construction of multiple bridges over the Arabian Sea to reduce traffic-congestion between the suburbs and the city. The first phase of the project, known as the Bandra-Worli Sea Link, was completed in June 2009, and links Bandra in the...
system, opened on June 30, 2009, connects Greater Mumbai, India to the western suburbs. - Cable BridgeCable BridgeThe Cable Bridge, officially called the Ed Hendler Bridge and sometimes called the Intercity Bridge, spans the Columbia River between Pasco and Kennewick in southeastern Washington as State Route 397...
: The second cable-stayed bridge in the United States, crosses the Columbia RiverColumbia RiverThe Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, flows northwest and then south into the U.S. state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state...
and connects Pasco, WashingtonPasco, WashingtonPasco is a city in and the county seat of Franklin County, Washington, United States.Pasco is one of three cities that make up the Tri-Cities region of the state of Washington...
to Kennewick, WashingtonKennewick, WashingtonKennewick is a city in Benton County in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Washington, near the Hanford nuclear site. It is the most populous of the three cities collectively referred to as the Tri-Cities...
. - Centennial BridgeCentennial Bridge, PanamaPanama's Centennial Bridge is a major bridge crossing the Panama Canal. It was built to supplement the overcrowded Bridge of the Americas, and to replace it as the carrier of the Pan-American Highway; upon its opening in 2004, it became only the second permanent crossing of the canal.-...
: a six-lane vehicular bridge that crosses the Panama CanalPanama CanalThe Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, the canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships early on to 14,702 vessels measuring a total of 309.6...
with a total length of 1.05 km (3,451 ft). - Christopher S. Bond Bridge, Kansas City: crosses the Missouri River at Kansas City which opened in September 2010
- Denver Millennium BridgeDenver Millennium BridgeThe Denver Millennium Bridge is the world’s first cable-stayed bridge using its post-tensioned structural construction. Its 200-foot white tapered steel mast rises above Denver’s northwestern skyline, connected to the bridge deck and foundation anchors by steel cables...
: A 130 feet (39.6 m) long pedestrian bridgeFootbridgeA footbridge or pedestrian bridge is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some cases cyclists, animal traffic and horse riders, rather than vehicular traffic. Footbridges complement the landscape and can be used decoratively to visually link two distinct areas or to signal a transaction...
which won the Gold Award in 2003 from the New York Association of Consulting Engineers. The bridge is a focal point of the film "NowherelandNowhereLandImagine That is a 2009 comedy-drama film starring Eddie Murphy, Thomas Haden Church, Nicole Ari Parker, Martin Sheen, Marin Hinkle, and Yara Shahidi. Imagine That takes place in Denver, Colorado,...
" starring Eddie MurphyEddie MurphyEdward Regan "Eddie" Murphy is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, singer, director, and musician....
. - Greenville BridgeGreenville BridgeThe Greenville Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge crossing the Mississippi River that carries US 82 between Lake Village, Arkansas and Greenville, Mississippi. The main span's length makes the bridge the third-longest cable-stayed bridge in the United States, and fourth longest in North America...
: The third longest cable-stayed bridge main span, 1378 feet (420 m), in the United States, and fourth longest in North America, crossing the Mississippi River between Lake Village, ArkansasLake Village, ArkansasLake Village is a city in Chicot County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 2,823 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Chicot County.Lake Village is named for its location on Lake Chicot, an oxbow lake formed from the Mississippi River...
and Greenville, MississippiGreenville, MississippiGreenville is a city in Washington County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 48,633 at the 2000 census, but according to the 2009 census bureau estimates, it has since declined to 42,764, making it the eighth-largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Washington...
. - Jesús Izcoa Moure BridgeJesús Izcoa Moure BridgeThe Jesús Izcoa Moure Bridge is a Cable-stayed bridge that connects the cities of Toa Alta and Naranjito, in Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Highway 5....
: is the first Cable-stayed bridge in Puerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
and the Caribbean. - John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)The John James Audubon Bridge is a new Mississippi River crossing between Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana parishes in south central Louisiana. The bridge is the longest cable-stayed span in the Western Hemisphere and replaces the ferry between the communities of New Roads and St. Francisville...
: The longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere, crossing the Mississippi River between New Roads, LouisianaNew Roads, LouisianaNew Roads is a city in and the parish seat of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The center of population of Louisiana is located in New Roads . The population was 4,996 at the 2000 census. The city's ZIP code is 70760...
and St. Francisville, LouisianaSt. Francisville, LouisianaSt. Francisville is a town in and the parish seat of West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,712 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:St...
. - Juscelino Kubitschek bridgeJuscelino Kubitschek bridgeThe Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge , also known as the President JK Bridge or just the JK Bridge, is a steel and concrete bridge that crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília. It links the southern part of the lake, and St. Sebastian Paranoá the Pilot Plan , through the Monumental Axis...
: A unique bridge featuring three 200-foot-tall (61 m) asymmetrical steel arches that crisscross diagonally. Decks are suspended by steel cables alternating and interlacing at each side. - Kap Shui Mun BridgeKap Shui Mun BridgeThe Kap Shui Mun Bridge in Hong Kong is one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world that transports both road and railway traffic, with the upper deck for motor vehicles, and the lower deck for both vehicles and the MTR. It has a main span of 430 metres and an overall length of 750 metres...
carries both road and railway traffic, with a main span of 430 metres and an overall length of 1323 metres, connecting Ma WanMa WanMa Wan is an island of Hong Kong, located between Lantau Island and Tsing Yi Island, with an area of 0.97 km². Administratively, it is part of Tsuen Wan District....
and Lantau IslandLantau IslandLantau Island , based on the old local name of Lantau Peak , is the largest island in Hong Kong, located at the mouth of the Pearl River. Administratively, most of Lantau Island is part of the Islands District of Hong Kong...
in Hong KongHong KongHong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
as part of the Lantau LinkLantau LinkThe Lantau Link, formerly known as the Lantau Fixed Crossing, is a series of infrastructures linking Hong Kong International Airport to the urban areas in Hong Kong. It was officially opened on 27 April 1997, and it opened to traffic on 22 May the same year.-Infrastructure:The Lantau Link is 3.5 km...
serving Hong Kong International AirportHong Kong International AirportHong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport , being built on the island of Chek Lap Kok by land reclamation, and also to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport.The airport opened for commercial...
. - Indiano BridgeIndiano BridgeIndiano Bridge is the first earth-anchored cable-stayed bridge in the world. It is a bridge across the Arno River in Florence .The bridge was built between 1972 and 1978 by Società C.M.F...
over the Arno River in FlorenceFlorenceFlorence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
, Italy, 1978, is the first earth-anchored cable-stayed steel bridge in the world with central planes of cables, single inclined masts, vented deck. Central span of 210. - Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge, over the Charles River in Boston, MassachusettsBostonBoston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
, is the world's widest cable-stayed bridge. - Luling BridgeLuling BridgeThe Luling Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Mississippi River in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. It is named for the late United States Congressman Hale Boggs. The bridge was dedicated by Governor David C...
over the Mississippi RiverMississippi RiverThe Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
in Destrehan, LouisianaDestrehan, LouisianaDestrehan is a census-designated place in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 11,260 at the 2000 census. It was named after Jean N...
; it was the first cable-stayed bridge in the United States carrying an interstate highway - Megyeri Bridge over the DanubeDanubeThe Danube is a river in the Central Europe and the Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway....
in BudapestBudapestBudapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
, HungaryHungaryHungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
, opened in 2008 - Millau ViaductMillau ViaductThe Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France. Designed by the British architect Norman Foster and French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux, it is the tallest bridge in the world, with one mast's summit at . It is the...
is the bridge with the tallest piers in the world: 341 metres tall (1,118 ft) and roadway 10 metres high (886 ft), spanning the Tarn RiverTarn RiverThe Tarn is a long river in southern France , right tributary of the Garonne.The Tarn runs in a roughly westerly direction, from its source at an altitude of 1,550 m on Mont Lozère in the Cévennes mountains , through the deep gorges and canyons of the Gorges du Tarn The Tarn is a long...
in France. With a total length of 2 460 m and seven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed suspended deck in the world. - New Railroad Bridge: the first bridge in Europe to use cable-stayed girder system in the railroad industry, connects two banks of the Sava in BelgradeBelgradeBelgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe...
. - North Avenue BridgeNorth Avenue BridgeThe North Avenue Bridge can refer to one of three bridges that has carried North Avenue over the North Branch of the Chicago River on the north side of Chicago, Illinois...
over the Chicago RiverChicago RiverThe Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of that runs through the city of the same name, including its center . Though not especially long, the river is notable for being the reason why Chicago became an important location, as the link between the Great Lakes and...
in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. utilizes cable-stayed elements to avoid the full-size abutments required for a pure suspension bridge, while providing additional support with a suspension cable to minimize the height of the bridge's support towers. - Nový MostNový MostNový Most is a road bridge over the Danube in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is the 32nd-tallest, and thus shortest, member of the World Federation of Great Towers, and is the only bridge to be a member...
: The world's longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon and with one cable-stayed plane, spanning DanubeDanubeThe Danube is a river in the Central Europe and the Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway....
in BratislavaBratislavaBratislava is the capital of Slovakia and, with a population of about 431,000, also the country's largest city. Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia on both banks of the Danube River. Bordering Austria and Hungary, it is the only national capital that borders two independent countries.Bratislava...
, SlovakiaSlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
. The main span is 303 metres, total length 430.8 metres. The only member of World Federation of Great Towers that is primarily used as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurant at the top of pylon 85 metres high. - John O'Connell Bridge over the Sitka ChannelSitka ChannelThe Sitka Channel is a strait that separates Japonski Island from Baranof Island in Alaska.The Sitka Channel, or more commonly referred to as simply The Channel by locals, is a notable feature of Sitka, Alaska that separates vital portions of infrastructure located on the peripheral Japonski Island...
, between Japonski IslandJaponski IslandJaponski Island, or Yak'w Kashaneixí, is a small island in the city of Sitka in the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska, United States...
and Baranof IslandBaranof IslandBaranof Island, also sometimes called Baranov Island, Shee or Sitka Island, is an island in the northern Alexander Archipelago in the Alaska Panhandle, in Alaska. The name Baranof was given in 1805 by Imperial Russian Navy captain U. F. Lisianski to honor Alexander Andreyevich Baranov...
in Sitka, AlaskaAlaskaAlaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
, 1972. - Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridgeOctavio Frias de Oliveira bridgeThe Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in São Paulo, Brazil over the Pinheiros River, opened in May 2008. The bridge is tall, and connects Marginal Pinheiros to Jornalista Roberto Marinho Avenue in the south area of the city....
over the Pinheiros RiverPinheiros RiverThe Pinheiros River is an tributary of the Tietê River that runs through the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Until 1920, the river was known as Jurubatuba. After being channelized its name was changed to Pinheiros. In southern São Paulo the Pinheiros River is impounded in Billings Reservoir.-See...
in São PauloSão PauloSão Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, 2008. It has a 138 metres (452.8 ft)-high pylon under which two stayed roads cross each other turning 90° to the opposite bank of the river. - Oresund BridgeOresund BridgeThe Øresund or Öresund Bridge is a combined twin-track railway and dual carriageway bridge-tunnel across the Øresund strait.The bridge connects Sweden and Denmark, and it is the longest road and rail bridge in Europe. The Øresund Bridge also connects two major Metropolitan Areas: those of the...
, a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of 490 metres and a total length of 7.85 km, crossing the ÖresundOresundThe Sound , is the strait that separates the Danish island Zealand from the southern Swedish province of Scania. Its width is just at the narrowest point between Helsingør, Denmark, and Helsingborg, Sweden...
between MalmöMalmöMalmö , in the southernmost province of Scania, is the third most populous city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg.Malmö is the seat of Malmö Municipality and the capital of Skåne County...
, Sweden and the Danish Capital RegionDanish Capital RegionHovedstadsregionen was the name of the greater metropolitan region around and including Copenhagen , Denmark. It included the counties of Copenhagen, Frederiksborg and Roskilde....
. - Penang BridgePenang BridgePenang Bridge is a dual carriageway toll bridge connects Gelugor on the island of Penang and Seberang Prai on the mainland of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula. The bridge is also linked to the North-South Expressway in Prai and Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway in Penang. It was officially opened to...
in Malaysia connects Penang island with the Malay Peninsula, with its longest span measuring 225 m. - Pont de Normandie across the SeineSeineThe Seine is a -long river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Saint-Seine near Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre . It is navigable by ocean-going vessels...
in NormandyNormandyNormandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
, France - briefly the world's longest cable-stayed bridge. - Queen Elizabeth II BridgeQueen Elizabeth II BridgeThe Queen Elizabeth II Bridge is a high and long cable-stayed road bridge across the River Thames in south east England. It was opened in 1991 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II....
across the River ThamesRiver ThamesThe River Thames flows through southern England. It is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom. While it is best known because its lower reaches flow through central London, the river flows alongside several other towns and cities, including Oxford,...
in southeast England. - Rande BridgeRande BridgeThe Rande Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in Vigo, Spain. It spans Vigo Ria across the Rande Strait, linking Vigo to the Morrazo peninsula.It was designed by Italian engineer Fabrizio de Miranda, the Spaniard Florencio del Pozo and Alfredo Passaro. The bridge was built in 1978. It forms part of...
in Spain near Vigo is the highway cable-stayed bridge with the longest and slenderest span in the world at the time of construction (1973–1977). Three long spans of 148 m + 400 m + 148 m. Pylons in concrete, girder in steel. - Rama IX BridgeRama IX BridgeRama IX Bridge is a bridge in Bangkok, Thailand over the Chao Phraya river. It connects the Yan Nawa district to Rat Burana district as a part of the Dao Khanong – Port Section of Chalerm Maha Nakhon Expressway....
, Bangkok, 450 m main span, 6 traffic lanes, completed 1987, at that date the second longest centre span in the world. - Rio-Antirio bridgeRio-Antirio bridgeThe Rion-Antirion bridge , officially the Charilaos Trikoupis bridge after the statesman who first envisaged it, is the world's longest multi-span cable-stayed bridge...
with a total length of 2 880 m and four towers, this is the bridge with the second longest cable-stayed suspended deck (2 258 m long) in the world, spanning the Gulf of CorinthGulf of CorinthThe Gulf of Corinth or the Corinthian Gulf is a deep inlet of the Ionian Sea separating the Peloponnese from western mainland Greece...
near PatrasPatrasPatras , ) is Greece's third largest urban area and the regional capital of West Greece, located in northern Peloponnese, 215 kilometers west of Athens...
, Greece. - Second Severn CrossingSecond Severn CrossingThe Second Severn Crossing is a bridge which carries the M4 motorway over the River Severn between England and Wales, inaugurated on 5 June 1996 by HRH The Prince of Wales to augment the traffic capacity of the original Severn Bridge built in 1966...
between England and WalesWalesWales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
is 3.186 miles (5.127 km) long, consisting of a single central navigation span over the "Shoots" channel and approach viaducts on either side. The Second Severn Crossing Bridge uses Freyssinet cable stays. - Skybridge is the world's longest transit-only bridge, spanning the Fraser RiverFraser RiverThe Fraser River is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Mount Robson in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for , into the Strait of Georgia at the city of Vancouver. It is the tenth longest river in Canada...
between New Westminster and Surrey, BC, Canada. - Stonecutters BridgeStonecutters BridgeStonecutters Bridge is a high level cable-stayed bridge which spans the Rambler Channel in Hong Kong, connecting Nam Wan Kok, Tsing Yi Island and Stonecutters Island...
in Hong Kong is a 1,596-metre-long dual 3-lane high-level cable stayed bridge, with a clear span of 1,018 metres. It is a major part of the section of Route 8. The bridge will straddle the Rambler Channel at the entrance to the busy Kwai Chung Container port. - Sundial Bridge is an award-winning single-spar pedestrian bridge spanning the Sacramento RiverSacramento RiverThe Sacramento River is an important watercourse of Northern and Central California in the United States. The largest river in California, it rises on the eastern slopes of the Klamath Mountains, and after a journey south of over , empties into Suisun Bay, an arm of the San Francisco Bay, and...
in Redding, CaliforniaRedding, CaliforniaRedding is a city in far-Northern California. It is the county seat of Shasta County, California, USA. With a population of 89,861, according to the 2010 Census...
. - Sunshine Skyway BridgeSunshine Skyway BridgeThe Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge is a bridge spanning Tampa Bay, Florida, with a cable-stayed main span, and a total length of 21,877 feet . It is part of I-275 and US 19 , connecting St. Petersburg in Pinellas County and Terra Ceia in Manatee County, Florida, passing through Hillsborough...
is the world's longest bridge with a cable-stayed main span; carries I-275Interstate 275 (Florida)Interstate 275 in Florida serves the Tampa Bay metropolitan area, measuring 60.696 miles in length. The southern terminus is I-75 near Palmetto, just five miles east of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, a toll bridge crossing Tampa Bay. The highway passes through St...
across Tampa BayTampa BayTampa Bay is a large natural harbor and estuary along the Gulf of Mexico on the west central coast of Florida, comprising Hillsborough Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay."Tampa Bay" is not the name of any municipality...
south of St. Petersburg, FloridaSt. Petersburg, FloridaSt. Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. It is known as a vacation destination for both American and foreign tourists. As of 2008, the population estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau is 245,314, making St...
, United States. The very similar looking Oresund bridgeOresund BridgeThe Øresund or Öresund Bridge is a combined twin-track railway and dual carriageway bridge-tunnel across the Øresund strait.The bridge connects Sweden and Denmark, and it is the longest road and rail bridge in Europe. The Øresund Bridge also connects two major Metropolitan Areas: those of the...
is slightly shorter but has a longer main span. - Suramadu BridgeSuramadu BridgeThe Suramadu Bridge , also known as the Surabaya–Madura Bridge, is a bridge with three cable-stayed sections constructed between Surabaya on the island of Java and the town of Bangkalan on the island of Madura in Indonesia...
in Indonesia is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Southeast Asia and Indonesia. It connects the city of SurabayaSurabayaSurabaya is Indonesia's second-largest city with a population of over 2.7 million , and the capital of the province of East Java...
in JavaJavaJava is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
with the island of Madura. Its main span is 818 metres long. - Surgut BridgeSurgut BridgeThe Surgut Bridge across the Ob River at Surgut, Russia, is a cable-stayed bridge, one of the longest in Siberia. The bridge is long and has only one tower. Its central span of is the longest for single-tower cable-stayed bridge. The bridge was inaugurated in September 2000. The bridge carries...
is the longest one-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world, crossing the Ob RiverOb RiverThe Ob River , also Obi, is a major river in western Siberia, Russia and is the world's seventh longest river. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean .The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.-Names:The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the...
in SiberiaSiberiaSiberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
. - Sutong Bridge spans the Yangtze River DeltaYangtze RiverThe Yangtze, Yangzi or Cháng Jiāng is the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is also one of the...
in eastern China. It has the longest span of any cable-stayed bridge at 1,088 metres (3,570 ft), surpassing Japan's Tatara BridgeTatara BridgeThe is a cable-stayed bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaidō しまなみ海道. The bridge has a center span of . As of 2010 it has the fourth longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge after the Sutong Bridge...
for the world's longest cable-stayed main span, but its overall length is shorter than the Sunshine Skyway BridgeSunshine Skyway BridgeThe Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge is a bridge spanning Tampa Bay, Florida, with a cable-stayed main span, and a total length of 21,877 feet . It is part of I-275 and US 19 , connecting St. Petersburg in Pinellas County and Terra Ceia in Manatee County, Florida, passing through Hillsborough...
in the United States. - Tatara BridgeTatara BridgeThe is a cable-stayed bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaidō しまなみ海道. The bridge has a center span of . As of 2010 it has the fourth longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge after the Sutong Bridge...
has the second largest span of any cable-stayed bridge at 890 metres (2,920 ft), part of a series of bridges connecting HonshūHonshuis the largest island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Strait...
and ShikokuShikokuis the smallest and least populous of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū and east of the island of Kyūshū. Its ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima , Iyo-shima , and Futana-shima...
in Japan. - Ting Kau BridgeTing Kau BridgeTing Kau Bridge is a 1,177-metre long cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong that spans from the northwest of Tsing Yi Island and Tuen Mun Road. It is adjacent to Tsing Ma Bridge which also serves as major connector between the Hong Kong International Airport on Lantau Island and the rest of Hong Kong....
is the world's first major four-span (three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part of the road network connecting Hong Kong International AirportHong Kong International AirportHong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport , being built on the island of Chek Lap Kok by land reclamation, and also to distinguish it from its predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport.The airport opened for commercial...
to other parts of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
, China. - Vasco da Gama Bridge in LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, Portugal is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of 17.2 km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in extension roads. - Veterans' Glass City Skyway in Toledo, OhioToledo, OhioToledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan...
has a total length of 8,800 feet (2 682 m). The bridge is the most expensive project ever undertaken by the Ohio Department of TransportationOhio Department of TransportationThe Ohio Department of Transportation is the organization of state government responsible for developing and maintaining all state and federal roadways in the state of Ohio with exception of the Ohio Turnpike. In addition to highways, the department also helps develop public transportation and...
(ODOT), costing approximately US$237 million. It carries six lanes of Interstate 280Interstate 280 (Ohio)Interstate 280 is a 12.41-mile-long highway that connects I-75 in northeast Toledo, Ohio with I-80/I-90 southeast of the city in northeastern Wood County, Ohio....
across the Maumee RiverMaumee RiverThe Maumee River is a river in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana in the United States. It is formed at Fort Wayne, Indiana by the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers, and meanders northeastwardly for through an agricultural region of glacial moraines before flowing into the...
. - Vidyasagar SetuVidyasagar SetuVidyasagar Setu, also known as the Second Hooghly Bridge, is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Kolkata to Howrah. The bridge is a toll bridge for all vehicles. At a total length of 822.96 m, it is the longest cable-stayed bridge in India and one of the...
(2nd Hooghly BridgeVidyasagar SetuVidyasagar Setu, also known as the Second Hooghly Bridge, is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Kolkata to Howrah. The bridge is a toll bridge for all vehicles. At a total length of 822.96 m, it is the longest cable-stayed bridge in India and one of the...
) in KolkataKolkataKolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India...
, West BengalWest BengalWest Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...
, India is the second longest cable-stayed bridge in the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinentThe Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent, Indo-Pak Subcontinent or South Asian Subcontinent is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate from the Hindu Kush or Hindu Koh, Himalayas and including the Kuen Lun and Karakoram ranges, forming a land mass which extends...
, with the main span measuring 457.2 m (1,500 ft) and total length being 823 m (2,700 ft). - Zakim Bunker Hill BridgeZakim Bunker Hill BridgeThe Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts. It is a replacement for the Charlestown High Bridge, an older truss bridge constructed in the 1950s, and is the world's widest cable-stayed bridge...
is the world's widest cable-stayed bridge with a 56 m (183 ft) wide bridge deck; carries 10 lanes of Interstate 93Interstate 93Interstate 93 is an Interstate Highway in the New England section of the United States. Its southern terminus is in Canton, Massachusetts, in the Boston metropolitan area, at Interstate 95; its northern terminus is near St. Johnsbury, Vermont, at Interstate 91...
over the Charles RiverCharles RiverThe Charles River is an long river that flows in an overall northeasterly direction in eastern Massachusetts, USA. From its source in Hopkinton, the river travels through 22 cities and towns until reaching the Atlantic Ocean at Boston...
in Boston, Massachusetts. It is also the first cable-stayed bridge with an asymmetrical deck design. - Zhivopisny BridgeZhivopisny BridgeZhivopisny Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge that spans Moskva River in north-western Moscow, Russia. It is the first cable-stayed bridge in Moscow. Opened on 27 December 2007 as a part of Krasnoprenensky avenue...
in Moscow, Russia, is the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe. - Zarate-Brazo Largo BridgeZárate-Brazo Largo BridgeThe Zárate-Brazo Largo Bridges are two cable-stayed road and railway bridges in Argentina, crossing the Paraná River between the cities of Zárate, Buenos Aires Province, and Brazo Largo, Entre Ríos Province....
s over the Paraná Guazú and Paraná de las Palmas Rivers in ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
(1972–1976) are the first two road and railway long-span cable-stayed steel bridges in the world. Spans: 110 m + 330 m + 110 m.
Further reading
- De Miranda F., et al., (1979), "Basic problems in long span cable stayed bridges", Rep. n. 25, Dipartimento di Strutture - Università di Calabria - Arcavacata (CS) Italy, (242 pagg.) September 1979.