Calinesti-Oas
Encyclopedia
Călineşti-Oaş is a commune in Satu Mare County
, north-western Romania
, with a population of 4,701. Part of the region of Maramureş
, it is composed of four villages: Călineşti-Oaş, Coca, Lechinţa and Păşunea Mare. Situated on the western side of the Oaş Country Depression at a distance of 46 kilometres (29 mi) from the county capital Satu Mare, Călineşti borders Gherţa Mică
commune to the north, to the south Prilog-Vii village and Livada
city, to the east Boineşti village and to the west Turulung
commune, which represents the boundary of the Oaş Country
.
and Tur
rivers. The commune borders Gherţa Mică
commune to the north, Prilog Vii village and Livada
city to the south, Boineşti village to the east and Turulung
commune to the west, which represents the boundary between the historical Oaş Country
and Ugocea. Călineşti covers an area of 4188 ha (41.9 km²) of which 828 ha (8.3 km²) comprise the main settlement and 3360 ha (33.6 km²) are terrain.
Călineşti-Oaş has a continental climate
, characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. As the commune is located in the far north of the country in a mountainous region, the average annual temperature is slightly lower than in Satu Mare.
, but other kinds of trees including several oak
species and beech
are also present.
Fauna is represented by species of rodents (hamster
and european ground squirrel
), reptiles, carnivorous mammals (bear
, gray wolf
and fox
) and other large mammals like wild boar and deer
. Avifauna include species of ducks, geese, egrets and storks
during migrations as well as occasional wanderings.
s since the stone Age
. Paleolithic discoveries were made on the Hurca Hill, Saint Mary Hill, Lichihorb and Bocoghiţa. Other important finds indicate that the commune was inhabited during the Neolithic Age
and archaeological investigations were made between 1999 and 2001 that established the settlement as dating from the Early Neolithic Age (5500 - 5200 BC). The finds belong to the Starčevo culture representing the northern limit of the culture. On Hurca Hill a big fortified settlement was discovered dating from the 10th and the 9th centuries BC. The fortification consisted of an earth mound and strengthened with large stone blocks. The fortification dates from the Early Iron Age
and belonged to the Gáva culture.
Călineşti-Oaş is first mentioned in documents in 1490 as Kalynhaza when the area was incorporated into the domain of Medieşu Aurit
, property of the Móric Family a wealthy Hungarian
aristocratic family from Győr
. Their influence lasted until the 15th century. Other owners of the domains that included Călineşti were the Báthory Family of Hungary
, Rákóczi
, Károlyi
(owned during the 18th century) and the Vécsey
(owned during the 19th century). After World War I
the commune suffered from the 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the Spanish Influenza, which killed 48 people. After the 1970 floods in Romania
, which affected large parts of Călineşti, the dam on the Tur River
was built in 1972; this created a lake of 357 ha (3.6 km²).
conducted on May 31, 2002, the population of Călineşti-Oaş commune was 4,701, with the component villages Călineşti-Oaş, Coca, Lechinţa and Păşunea Mare having 2,578, 965, 848 and 310 people respectively. Out of 4,701 inhabitants 98.7% are Romanian
, 1.12% are Romani and 0.18% are Hungarians, German
and Ukrainians
.
near the confluence with the Valea Rea River
between the Hurca and Jelejnic Hills. It creates an artificial lake of 357 ha (3.6 km²) and with a total volume of 0.027 km³ (0.00647764448231574 cu mi). In the same year the Călineşti-Oaş Micro - Hydropower Station was built having a low capacity Pelton turbine
of only 0.8 MW.
Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County is a county of Romania. The capital city is Satu Mare. Besides Romanians , Satu Mare features a significant ethnic minority of Hungarians .-Demographics:...
, north-western Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, with a population of 4,701. Part of the region of Maramureş
Maramures
Maramureș may refer to the following:*Maramureș, a geographical, historical, and ethno-cultural region in present-day Romania and Ukraine, that occupies the Maramureș Depression and Maramureș Mountains, a mountain range in North East Carpathians...
, it is composed of four villages: Călineşti-Oaş, Coca, Lechinţa and Păşunea Mare. Situated on the western side of the Oaş Country Depression at a distance of 46 kilometres (29 mi) from the county capital Satu Mare, Călineşti borders Gherţa Mică
Gherta Mica
Gherţa Mică is a commune of 3,270 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Gherţa Mică....
commune to the north, to the south Prilog-Vii village and Livada
Livada, Satu Mare
Livada ; in German: Weisenhaid) is a town in north-western Romania, in Satu Mare County. It received town status in 2006...
city, to the east Boineşti village and to the west Turulung
Turulung
Turulung is a commune of 3,910 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Drăguşeni, Turulung and Turulung-Vii.-Demographics:Ethnic groups :*Hungarians: 55.34%*Romanians: 31.88%...
commune, which represents the boundary of the Oaş Country
Oas Country
Oaş Country is an etnographic region of Romania located in the North-East part of Satu Mare County, 50 km from the city of Satu Mare...
.
Geography
Călineşti-Oaş is situated in the Oaş Depression, near the Jelejnic Hill, 46 km (28.6 mi) North - East of the county seat Satu Mare on the TalnaTalna River
The Talna River is a tributary of the Tur River in Romania. The upper reach of the river, upstream of the junction with the Talna Mică River is sometimes considered to be a headwater of the river and is referred to as Talna Mare River- References :...
and Tur
Tur River
The Tur River is a tributary of the Tisza River. The sources are located in the Oaş Mountains in Romania. The Tur River starts at the junction of headwaters Gorova River and Turişor. The river then flows through Satu Mare County in Romania...
rivers. The commune borders Gherţa Mică
Gherta Mica
Gherţa Mică is a commune of 3,270 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Gherţa Mică....
commune to the north, Prilog Vii village and Livada
Livada, Satu Mare
Livada ; in German: Weisenhaid) is a town in north-western Romania, in Satu Mare County. It received town status in 2006...
city to the south, Boineşti village to the east and Turulung
Turulung
Turulung is a commune of 3,910 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Drăguşeni, Turulung and Turulung-Vii.-Demographics:Ethnic groups :*Hungarians: 55.34%*Romanians: 31.88%...
commune to the west, which represents the boundary between the historical Oaş Country
Oas Country
Oaş Country is an etnographic region of Romania located in the North-East part of Satu Mare County, 50 km from the city of Satu Mare...
and Ugocea. Călineşti covers an area of 4188 ha (41.9 km²) of which 828 ha (8.3 km²) comprise the main settlement and 3360 ha (33.6 km²) are terrain.
Călineşti-Oaş has a continental climate
Continental climate
Continental climate is a climate characterized by important annual variation in temperature due to the lack of significant bodies of water nearby...
, characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. As the commune is located in the far north of the country in a mountainous region, the average annual temperature is slightly lower than in Satu Mare.
Flora and fauna
The flora associated with Călineşti-Oaş is characteristic of the low-mountain and hill area with coniferous treesPinophyta
The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being...
, but other kinds of trees including several oak
Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
species and beech
Beech
Beech is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.-Habit:...
are also present.
Fauna is represented by species of rodents (hamster
Hamster
Hamsters are rodents belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae. The subfamily contains about 25 species, classified in six or seven genera....
and european ground squirrel
European ground squirrel
The European ground squirrel , also known as the European souslik, is a species from the squirrel family Sciuridae and is besides the speckled ground squirrel the only European representative of the genus Spermophilus...
), reptiles, carnivorous mammals (bear
Bear
Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Although there are only eight living species of bear, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern...
, gray wolf
Gray Wolf
The gray wolf , also known as the wolf, is the largest extant wild member of the Canidae family...
and fox
Fox
Fox is a common name for many species of omnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized canids , characterized by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail .Members of about 37 species are referred to as foxes, of which only 12 species actually belong to...
) and other large mammals like wild boar and deer
Deer
Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. Species in the Cervidae family include white-tailed deer, elk, moose, red deer, reindeer, fallow deer, roe deer and chital. Male deer of all species and female reindeer grow and shed new antlers each year...
. Avifauna include species of ducks, geese, egrets and storks
Stork
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family Ciconiidae. They are the only family in the biological order Ciconiiformes, which was once much larger and held a number of families....
during migrations as well as occasional wanderings.
History
The hills surrounding Călineşti-Oaş used to be inhabited by communities of hunter-gathererHunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer or forage society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies which rely mainly on domesticated species. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of Homo, and all modern humans were...
s since the stone Age
Stone Age
The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period, lasting about 2.5 million years , during which humans and their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporary genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, widely used exclusively stone as their hard material in the...
. Paleolithic discoveries were made on the Hurca Hill, Saint Mary Hill, Lichihorb and Bocoghiţa. Other important finds indicate that the commune was inhabited during the Neolithic Age
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
and archaeological investigations were made between 1999 and 2001 that established the settlement as dating from the Early Neolithic Age (5500 - 5200 BC). The finds belong to the Starčevo culture representing the northern limit of the culture. On Hurca Hill a big fortified settlement was discovered dating from the 10th and the 9th centuries BC. The fortification consisted of an earth mound and strengthened with large stone blocks. The fortification dates from the Early Iron Age
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the archaeological period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing...
and belonged to the Gáva culture.
Călineşti-Oaş is first mentioned in documents in 1490 as Kalynhaza when the area was incorporated into the domain of Medieşu Aurit
Mediesu Aurit
Medieşu Aurit is a commune of 7,299 residents in Satu Mare County, Romania. It is composed of seven villages:-Demographics:Ethnic groups :*Romanians: 78.50%*Hungarians: 18.44%*Romanies : 2.53%...
, property of the Móric Family a wealthy Hungarian
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
aristocratic family from Győr
Gyor
-Climate:-Main sights:The ancient core of the city is Káptalan Hill at the confluence of three rivers: the Danube, Rába and Rábca. Püspökvár, the residence of Győr’s bishops can be easily recognised by its incomplete tower. Győr’s oldest buildings are the 13th-century dwelling tower and the...
. Their influence lasted until the 15th century. Other owners of the domains that included Călineşti were the Báthory Family of Hungary
Báthory
The Báthory were a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan. The family rose to significant influence in Central Europe during the late Middle Ages, holding high military, administrative and ecclesiastical positions in the Kingdom of Hungary...
, Rákóczi
Rákóczi
The Rákóczi were a Hungarian noble family in the Kingdom of Hungary between the 13th century and 18th century. Their name is also spelled Rakoczi and Rakoczy in some foreign sources....
, Károlyi
Alajos Károlyi
Count Alajos Károlyi de Nagykároly , was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat.He was born in Vienna, into the great Hungarian family of Károlyi, whose fame dates from the time of Sándor Károlyi , one of the generals of Francis II Rákóczi, who in 1711 negotiated the peace of Szatmár between the insurgent...
(owned during the 18th century) and the Vécsey
Károly Vécsey
Károly Vécsey was a honvéd general in the Hungarian Army. He was executed for his part in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and is considered one of the 13 Martyrs of Arad.-Reference:...
(owned during the 19th century). After World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
the commune suffered from the 1918 flu pandemic, also known as the Spanish Influenza, which killed 48 people. After the 1970 floods in Romania
1970 floods in Romania
The 1970 floods in Romania, brought on by river swelling caused by torrential rains, high winds and a heat wave that melted snow in the Carpathian Mountains, were the worst in modern Romanian history in loss of life, and caused the most damage up to the 2006 floods: at least $500 million; perhaps...
, which affected large parts of Călineşti, the dam on the Tur River
Tur River
The Tur River is a tributary of the Tisza River. The sources are located in the Oaş Mountains in Romania. The Tur River starts at the junction of headwaters Gorova River and Turişor. The river then flows through Satu Mare County in Romania...
was built in 1972; this created a lake of 357 ha (3.6 km²).
Demographics
At the Romanian censusDemographic history of Romania
This article presents the demographic history of Romania through census results. See Demographics of Romania for a more detailed overview of the country's present-day demographics....
conducted on May 31, 2002, the population of Călineşti-Oaş commune was 4,701, with the component villages Călineşti-Oaş, Coca, Lechinţa and Păşunea Mare having 2,578, 965, 848 and 310 people respectively. Out of 4,701 inhabitants 98.7% are Romanian
Romanians
The Romanians are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania....
, 1.12% are Romani and 0.18% are Hungarians, German
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
and Ukrainians
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
.
The dam
The Călineşti-Oaş Dam was built in 1972 on the Tur RiverTur River
The Tur River is a tributary of the Tisza River. The sources are located in the Oaş Mountains in Romania. The Tur River starts at the junction of headwaters Gorova River and Turişor. The river then flows through Satu Mare County in Romania...
near the confluence with the Valea Rea River
Valea Rea River (Tur)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Lechincioara River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971* Capitolul 3 Apa...
between the Hurca and Jelejnic Hills. It creates an artificial lake of 357 ha (3.6 km²) and with a total volume of 0.027 km³ (0.00647764448231574 cu mi). In the same year the Călineşti-Oaş Micro - Hydropower Station was built having a low capacity Pelton turbine
Pelton wheel
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types of water turbines. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel...
of only 0.8 MW.