Canadian trade-mark law provides protection to marks statutorily under the Canadian Trade-marks Act and also at common law. Trade-mark law provides protection for distinctive marks, certification marks, distinguishing guises, and proposed marks against those who appropriate the goodwill of the mark or create confusion between different vendors' wares (i.e., goods) and services or both. A mark can be protected either as a registered trade-mark under the Act or can alternately be protected by a common law action in passing off

Passing off

Passing off is a common law tort which can be used to enforce unregistered trademark rights. The tort of passing off protects the goodwill of a trader from a misrepresentation that causes damage to goodwill....

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Passing off

Most of the law of passing off has been inherited from the UK case law. For a successful action in passing off the claimant must first show that the owner of the wares had goodwill or reputation within an identifiable market area. Second, the claimant must show that the other party's use of the mark constitutes misrepresentation of their wares as those of the claimants. Third, the claimant must show that the misrepresentation could potentially or actually did cause harm.

Registrable marks

A mark must be registrable in order to be fully protected under the Act. Generally, all visual marks can be registered with the exception of marks that possess certain characteristics prohibited by the Act. Among the prohibited characteristics include:

• a mark cannot be registrable if it is "primarily merely" a family name.
• a mark that can produce confusion with another vendor's mark
• a mark that is "clearly descriptive" or "deceptively misdescriptive" of the associated wares or services.
• one of an enumerated prohibited marks such as government, royal, or international marks.

Infringement

A mark that has been validly registered gives the exclusive right to the owner to use the mark throughout Canada, and to sue another party who uses a mark that interferes with the owner's right. Under section 20 of the Act, the owner must have a) registered the mark, b) used the mark, and c) used it for the sale of identical wares or services.

Case Law

• Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc.
  Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc.
  Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc. is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the infringement of famous trade-mark names. The Court found that Mattel Inc...
  
  , , the BARBIE case (rendered June 2, 2006).
• Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin v. Boutiques Cliquot Ltée, 2006 SCC 23, [2006] 1 S.C.R. 824, the Veuve Cliquot case (rendered June 2, 2006).
• Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc.
  Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc.
  Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc., , popularly known as the Lego Case, is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The Court upheld the constitutionality of section 7 of the Trade-marks Act which prohibits the use of confusing marks, as well, on a second issue it was held that the doctrine of...
  
  , , the Lego case.

External links

• Trade-marks Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. T-13)
• http://www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02360.html "Guide to Trade-marks" from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office
• http://www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/wr00555.html FAQ about Canadian trade-marks from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office.