Canalipalpata
Encyclopedia
Canalipalpata, also known as bristle-footed annelid
s or fan-head worms, is an order of polychaete
worm
s, with 31 families in it including the Sabellida
(tubeworms
, fanworms
, and feather duster worms) and the Alvinellidae
, a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vent
s.
The Canalipalpata have no teeth or jaws. Most are filter feeder
s. They have grooved palpi
which are covered in cilia
. These cilia are used to transport food particles to the mouth. However, the cilia and grooves have been lost in the Siboglinidae
family.
(St David's series).
and Christmas tree worms
(a type of serpulid
) are recommended as species for beginners to keep in a marine aquarium
.
Annelid
The annelids , formally called Annelida , are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over 17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches...
s or fan-head worms, is an order of polychaete
Polychaete
The Polychaeta or polychaetes are a class of annelid worms, generally marine. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. Indeed, polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. More than 10,000...
worm
Worm
The term worm refers to an obsolete taxon used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, and stems from the Old English word wyrm. Currently it is used to describe many different distantly-related animals that typically have a long cylindrical...
s, with 31 families in it including the Sabellida
Sabellida
Sabellida is a suborder of annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. They are filter feeders with no buccal organ. The prostomium is fused with the peristomium and bears a ring of feathery feeding tentacles...
(tubeworms
Serpulidae
Serpulidae is a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from the sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete...
, fanworms
Sabellidae
Sabellidae are sedentary marine polychaete tube worms where the head is mostly concealed by feathery branchiae. They build tubes out of parchment, sand, and bits of shell...
, and feather duster worms) and the Alvinellidae
Alvinellidae
The Alvinellidae are a family of small, deep-sea polychaete worms endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. Belonging to the order Terebellida, the family contains two genera, Alvinella and Paralvinella; the former genus contains two valid species and the latter eight...
, a family of deep-sea worms associated with hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both...
s.
The Canalipalpata have no teeth or jaws. Most are filter feeder
Filter feeder
Filter feeders are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fish and some sharks. Some birds,...
s. They have grooved palpi
Pedipalp
Pedipalps , are the second pair of appendages of the prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata. They are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in Crustacea and insects, although more recent studies Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi), are the second pair of appendages of the...
which are covered in cilia
Cilium
A cilium is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body....
. These cilia are used to transport food particles to the mouth. However, the cilia and grooves have been lost in the Siboglinidae
Siboglinidae
Siboglinidae, also known as the beard worms, is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. They are composed of about 100 species of vermiform creatures and live in thin tubes buried in sediments at ocean depths from 100 to 10,000 m...
family.
Fossil record
The earliest known member of the Canalipalpata is Terebellites franklini, which was found in the Clouds Rapids Formation of Newfoundland, and dates from the mid CambrianCambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from Mya ; it is succeeded by the Ordovician. Its subdivisions, and indeed its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latin name for Wales, where Britain's...
(St David's series).
Use in aquaria
Many species of Canalipalpata are visually attractive. FanwormsSabellida
Sabellida is a suborder of annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. They are filter feeders with no buccal organ. The prostomium is fused with the peristomium and bears a ring of feathery feeding tentacles...
and Christmas tree worms
Spirobranchus giganteus
Spirobranchus giganteus, commonly known as Christmas tree worms, are small, tube-building polychaete worms belonging to the family Serpulidae.-Anatomy and morphology:...
(a type of serpulid
Serpulidae
Serpulidae is a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from the sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete...
) are recommended as species for beginners to keep in a marine aquarium
Marine aquarium
A marine aquarium is an aquarium that keeps marine plants and animals in a contained environment. Marine aquaria are further subdivided by hobbyists into fish only , fish only with live rock , and reef aquaria. Fish only tanks often showcase large or aggressive marine fish species and generally...
.
Taxonomy
Order Canalipalpata- Suborder SabellidaSabellidaSabellida is a suborder of annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. They are filter feeders with no buccal organ. The prostomium is fused with the peristomium and bears a ring of feathery feeding tentacles...
- Family OweniidaeOweniidaeOweniidae is a family of marine polychaete worms in the suborder Sabellida. The worms live in tubes made of sand and are selective filter feeders, detrivores and grazers.-Characteristics:...
- Family SabellariidaeSabellariidaeSabellariidae is a family of marine polychaete worms in the suborder Sabellida. The worms live in tubes made of sand and are filter feeders and detrivores.-Characteristics:...
- Family SabellidaeSabellidaeSabellidae are sedentary marine polychaete tube worms where the head is mostly concealed by feathery branchiae. They build tubes out of parchment, sand, and bits of shell...
(Feather duster worms) - Family SerpulidaeSerpulidaeSerpulidae is a family of sessile, tube-building annelid worms in the class Polychaeta. The members of this family differ from the sabellid tube worms in that they have a specialized operculum that blocks the entrance of their tubes when they withdraw into the tubes. In addition, serpulids secrete...
- Family SiboglinidaeSiboglinidaeSiboglinidae, also known as the beard worms, is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. They are composed of about 100 species of vermiform creatures and live in thin tubes buried in sediments at ocean depths from 100 to 10,000 m...
(Beard worms) - Family Spirorbidae
- Family Oweniidae
- Suborder SpionidaSpionidaSpionida is a suborder of marine polychaete worms in the order Canalipalpata. Spionids are cosmopolitan and live in soft substrates in the littoral or neritic zones.-Characteristics:...
- Family Apistobranchidae
- Family ChaetophteridaeChaetophteridaeThe Chaetopteridae are a family of marine filter feeding polychaete worms that live in vertical or U-shaped tubes in tunnels buried in the sedimentary or hard substrate of marine environments. The worms are highly adapted to the hard tube they secrete...
- Family Longosomatidae
- Family Magelonidae
- Family Poecilochaetidae
- Family SpionidaeSpionidaeSpionidae is a family within the Polychaeta. Spionids are selective deposit feeders that use their two grooved palps to locate prey but some spionids are capable of interface feeding i.e. switching between deposit and suspension feeding. Spionids produce tubes by cementing sand grains and detritus...
- Family Trochochaetidae
- Family Uncispionidae
- Suborder TerebellidaTerebellidaTerebellida make up a suborder of the Polychaeta class, commonly referred to as "bristle worms". Together with the Sabellida, the Spionida and some enigmatic families of unclear taxonomic relationship , they make up the order Canalipalpata, one of the three main clades of polychaetes...
- Family AcrocirridaeAcrocirridaeAcrocirridae is a family of polychaete worms. Acrocirrids are detritivores , catching falling particles with numerous long prostomial tentacles. There are eight known genera, and at least 21 described species and subspecies within the Acrocirridae family...
- Family AlvinellidaeAlvinellidaeThe Alvinellidae are a family of small, deep-sea polychaete worms endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean. Belonging to the order Terebellida, the family contains two genera, Alvinella and Paralvinella; the former genus contains two valid species and the latter eight...
- Family AmpharetidaeAmpharetidaeAmpharetidae are a family of terebellid "bristle worm" . As such, they belong to the order Canalipalpata, one of the three main clades of polychaetes. They appear to be most closely related to the peculiar alvinellids which inhabit the deep sea, and somewhat less closely to the well-known trumpet...
- Family CirratulidaeCirratulidaeCirratulidae is a family of marine polychaete worms. Members of the family are found worldwide, mostly living in mud or rock crevices. Most are deposit feeders, but some graze on algae or are suspension feeders.-Description:...
- Family Ctenodrilidae
- Family Fauveliopsidae
- Family Flabelligeridae
- Family Flotidae
- Family PectinariidaePectinariidaePectinariidae, or the trumpet worms or ice cream cone worms, are a family of marine polychaete worms that build sand tubes roughly resembling ice cream cones up to two inches long.-Genera:...
(Trumpet worms) - Family Poeobiidae
- Family Sternaspidae
- Family TerebellidaeTerebellidaeTerebellidae is a family of polychaete worms. They are surface deposit feeders, catching falling particles with numerous elongate prostomial tentacles splayed out on the sea floor. These tentacles, which are the most or only normally visible portion of the animal and are reminiscent of spaghetti,...
(Spaghetti worms) - Family Trichobranchidae
- Family Acrocirridae
- Incertae sedisIncertae sedis, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
- Family Polygordiidae
- Family Protodrilidae
- Family Protodriloididae
- Family SaccocirridaeSaccocirridaeThe Saccocirridae are small interstitial polychaetes common in coarse sand, reflective, surf beaches, usually within the zone of retention. The Saccociridae are members of the clade Protodrilida, which is in turn part of the clade Canalipalpata. Saccocirridae have a world wide distribution and it...
External links
- Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/124?category_id=226
- Images from the canalipalpata order: http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Animalia/Canalipalpata_Order.asp