Canntaireachd
Encyclopedia
Canntaireachd is the ancient Scottish Highland
method of noting classical pipe
music or Ceòl Mòr by a combination of definite syllables, by which means the various tunes could be more easily recollected by the learner, and could be more easily transmitted orally. Nowadays, however, pipers tend to use standard musical staff notation to read and write various tunes, and anyone attempting to read this particular system needs some familiarity with Scottish Gaelic phonetics
. It does still linger on in one or two places however. In general, the vowel
s represent the notes, and consonant
s the embellishments, but this is not always the case, and the system is actually rather complex, and was not fully standardised.
As Niel MacLeod of Gesto, who published the MacCrimmons' tunes in canntaireachd, took them down phonetically, it is rather difficult to describe the system minutely. (The MacCrimmons
of Skye were commonly considered to be the great piping dynasty of Scotland). This must not be lost sight of when "translating" tunes. It was first written down at the end of the 18th century, in the Campbell Canntaireachd (in the National Library of Scotland
).
William Donaldson, in The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society 1750-1950 states:
is also used.)
The key note "Low A" is always represented in this notation by "in", probably a contraction of "An Dàra Aon", the second one, to distinguish the key note from the first note on the chanter
—"low G". "High A" is always "i", but in a canntaireachd, it is often denoted by a preceding "l", thus "liu", and so confusion is avoided. "Low A" is either "in", "en", "em", or simply "n" after some notes. The alternatives seem to have been used for the sake of euphony.
"D" note is "a" and "B" note is "a", but the qualifying effect of the grace note
s — "high G" represented by "h", and "D" represented by "d" or "h" (the latter a contraction of "a’ chorrag", the Gaelic name for the finger playing "D") prevents any confusion.
The note "E" is represented by "i". At the beginning of most of the MacCrimmon tunes and variations is "l", which gives the keynote. It stands for "E" (soh
), the dominant of the "low A" (doh
). Where it does not occur, the tune will be found to start with a word like "hien", which denotes "E" with "High G" grace note, and then "low A".
The vowel for "F" note is "ie", and it is always made certain by the grace note "d" or "h".
"High G" is "u", often distinguished by a preceding "h".
"High A" is often "vi" to distinguish it from the "E" note. When "F" succeeds "high A" in a tune, the word is often "vie".
, "h" the aspirate, qualifies all notes down to "low A", but often where "ha" obviously means "B" note, it must be concluded that it should be written "cha" (xa). Similarly "ho ho" should be "ho cho" (ho xo). The letter "d" is used, as is "t" to denote both "High G" and "D" grace notes, but an examination of the notation word, makes a mistake unlikely, thus "dieliu" means "F" with "high G" grace note, and then "high A" and "G". "Tihi" means two "E"s played with two "G" grace notes. "T" and "d" resemble each other very closely in Gaelic, but the context in canntaireachd makes it always easy to see whether "high G" grace note or "D" is meant. It is necessary to explain the compound grace note systems. "Dr" is doubling of "low G" by a touch of "D" grace note, and open "low A", and so on, over the whole scale. The letters "dr" are obviously a contraction of "dà uair", two times, or twice. "Trì" means doubling of "low G" by "D" grace note, and as "A" is opened, double "E" by "F" and "E" and open "E". This is a "Crunluath" form. "Tro" is the same, at first, but the doubling of "E" is done with the grips from "o" or the "C" note. This is "Crunluath-a-mach" (outer crunnluath). These examples will make the rest easy. In many tunes where the "tr" type appears, it obviously when translated should only have been a "dr" type, this confusion being only to the similarity of "d" and "t" in Gaelic.
The shake on "high A" is "vivi". The other shakes are represented by "rr", according to from where the beats and shakes are taken. This seems to be a contraction of "gearradh" meaning a "shake". A simple touch of a note before opening is always represented by a single "r". For instance, such a word as "radin" signifies that "B" is to be touched with "Low G" ("lùdag") before opening; "-din" is "low A" with "D" grace note. "Ho radin" is the "C" note "o" with "high G" grace note keeping the "ra-" below "D" note, also an "A" note.
2 – All grace notes in canntaireachd are represented by consonants.
3 – All compound forms are made by combining single forms.
4 – All leading or scale notes are represented by vowels.
5 – All note forms with "m" or "n" in them contain "low A".
6 – Grace notes "h" and "d" are qualifying or modulating grace notes.
7 – Doublings are represented by "dr", triplings by "tr", compound types by combinations of these.
8 – Open doublings above "D" are represented by "dir", such as "dirie", where the note is doubled by itself, and the note above it. "Dr" represents closed doublings, and "dir" open doublings.
"Hiodratatiriri" is a pure "cliabh-lugh"—the chest or creel of fingers, because every finger on the chanter is engaged in some way, either acting or acted on. In bagpipe music, the variations are all named from the acting fingers, and the old pipers counted their time from the number of fingers engaged in the several parts of the tune. "Chin-drine" may be taken as an example of the "leum-lugh", the jump of the fingers. This is "low A", played by "D" gracenote, then "G" doubled by "D", "low A" then opened, and "F" rapidly opened from it. "Hiriri" is an example of a beat form. The playing of two "low A"s by touching "low G" twice with the little finger is "ririn", or "rurin". The prosodic quality of the syllables, together with the spacing and punctuation, give the time and rhythm of the tunes.
Scottish Highlands
The Highlands is an historic region of Scotland. The area is sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Highlands". It was culturally distinguishable from the Lowlands from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands...
method of noting classical pipe
Bagpipes
Bagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones, using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. Though the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe and Irish uilleann pipes have the greatest international visibility, bagpipes of many different types come from...
music or Ceòl Mòr by a combination of definite syllables, by which means the various tunes could be more easily recollected by the learner, and could be more easily transmitted orally. Nowadays, however, pipers tend to use standard musical staff notation to read and write various tunes, and anyone attempting to read this particular system needs some familiarity with Scottish Gaelic phonetics
Phonetics
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or—in the case of sign languages—the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs : their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory...
. It does still linger on in one or two places however. In general, the vowel
Vowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s represent the notes, and consonant
Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are , pronounced with the lips; , pronounced with the front of the tongue; , pronounced with the back of the tongue; , pronounced in the throat; and ,...
s the embellishments, but this is not always the case, and the system is actually rather complex, and was not fully standardised.
As Niel MacLeod of Gesto, who published the MacCrimmons' tunes in canntaireachd, took them down phonetically, it is rather difficult to describe the system minutely. (The MacCrimmons
MacCrimmon (piping family)
The MacCrimmons were a Scottish family, pipers to the chiefs of Clan MacLeod for an unknown number of generations. The MacCrimmon kindred was centred at Borreraig near the Clan MacLeod seat at Dunvegan on the Isle of Skye...
of Skye were commonly considered to be the great piping dynasty of Scotland). This must not be lost sight of when "translating" tunes. It was first written down at the end of the 18th century, in the Campbell Canntaireachd (in the National Library of Scotland
National Library of Scotland
The National Library of Scotland is the legal deposit library of Scotland and is one of the country's National Collections. It is based in a collection of buildings in Edinburgh city centre. The headquarters is on George IV Bridge, between the Old Town and the university quarter...
).
William Donaldson, in The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society 1750-1950 states:
- "In its written form, canntaireachd provided the basis of the indigenous notational system and it was brought to its most developed form by Colin Mór Campbell of Nether Lorn in Argyll, at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th Century. Although Campbell's work was almost immediately superseded by a form of staff notation adapted specifically for the pipe, and remained unpublished and unrecognised until well into the 20th Century, it remains an important achievement and gives valuable insight into the musical organisation of Ceòl Mór"
Explanation of canntaireachd
Please note that, in the following sections, the convention is used of writing capital letters for standard notes, and lower case for the canntaireachd notes, i.e. "A" is not the same as "a". (In a couple of cases, solfegeSolfege
In music, solfège is a pedagogical solmization technique for the teaching of sight-singing in which each note of the score is sung to a special syllable, called a solfège syllable...
is also used.)
Explanation of table
The table given is based on the advice of Charles Bannatyne of Salsburgh, Holyhead. Some of the notes resemble each other very closely, but the changes used are indicated, and the pronunciations are given approximately in brackets.The key note "Low A" is always represented in this notation by "in", probably a contraction of "An Dàra Aon", the second one, to distinguish the key note from the first note on the chanter
Chanter
The chanter is the part of the bagpipe upon which the player creates the melody. It consists of a number of finger-holes, and in its simpler forms looks similar to a recorder...
—"low G". "High A" is always "i", but in a canntaireachd, it is often denoted by a preceding "l", thus "liu", and so confusion is avoided. "Low A" is either "in", "en", "em", or simply "n" after some notes. The alternatives seem to have been used for the sake of euphony.
"D" note is "a" and "B" note is "a", but the qualifying effect of the grace note
Grace note
A grace note is a kind of music notation used to denote several kinds of musical ornaments. When occurring by itself, a single grace note normally indicates the intention of either an appoggiatura or an acciaccatura...
s — "high G" represented by "h", and "D" represented by "d" or "h" (the latter a contraction of "a’ chorrag", the Gaelic name for the finger playing "D") prevents any confusion.
The note "E" is represented by "i". At the beginning of most of the MacCrimmon tunes and variations is "l", which gives the keynote. It stands for "E" (soh
SOH
SOH may refer to:* Hispaniolan Ornithological Society or * Start of Header , an ISO C0 control code* Sine = Opposite ÷ Hypotenuse, a mnemonic used to teach trigonometry* South of Heaven, an album by the thrash metal band Slayer...
), the dominant of the "low A" (doh
Doh
Doh, D'oh, or DOH may refer to:* D'oh!, the grunt made popular by Homer Simpson* Commonly used in association with MLB pitcher Scott Dohmann* Doh, the boss in the Arkanoid series of video games...
). Where it does not occur, the tune will be found to start with a word like "hien", which denotes "E" with "High G" grace note, and then "low A".
The vowel for "F" note is "ie", and it is always made certain by the grace note "d" or "h".
"High G" is "u", often distinguished by a preceding "h".
"High A" is often "vi" to distinguish it from the "E" note. When "F" succeeds "high A" in a tune, the word is often "vie".
Grace notes
Regarding grace notesGrace Notes
Grace Notes is a novel by Bernard MacLaverty, first published in 1997.-Plot summary:The book centers around the postpartum depression of its female protagonist, Catherine McKenna, a Northern Irish music teacher and composer living in Scotland...
, "h" the aspirate, qualifies all notes down to "low A", but often where "ha" obviously means "B" note, it must be concluded that it should be written "cha" (xa). Similarly "ho ho" should be "ho cho" (ho xo). The letter "d" is used, as is "t" to denote both "High G" and "D" grace notes, but an examination of the notation word, makes a mistake unlikely, thus "dieliu" means "F" with "high G" grace note, and then "high A" and "G". "Tihi" means two "E"s played with two "G" grace notes. "T" and "d" resemble each other very closely in Gaelic, but the context in canntaireachd makes it always easy to see whether "high G" grace note or "D" is meant. It is necessary to explain the compound grace note systems. "Dr" is doubling of "low G" by a touch of "D" grace note, and open "low A", and so on, over the whole scale. The letters "dr" are obviously a contraction of "dà uair", two times, or twice. "Trì" means doubling of "low G" by "D" grace note, and as "A" is opened, double "E" by "F" and "E" and open "E". This is a "Crunluath" form. "Tro" is the same, at first, but the doubling of "E" is done with the grips from "o" or the "C" note. This is "Crunluath-a-mach" (outer crunnluath). These examples will make the rest easy. In many tunes where the "tr" type appears, it obviously when translated should only have been a "dr" type, this confusion being only to the similarity of "d" and "t" in Gaelic.
The shake on "high A" is "vivi". The other shakes are represented by "rr", according to from where the beats and shakes are taken. This seems to be a contraction of "gearradh" meaning a "shake". A simple touch of a note before opening is always represented by a single "r". For instance, such a word as "radin" signifies that "B" is to be touched with "Low G" ("lùdag") before opening; "-din" is "low A" with "D" grace note. "Ho radin" is the "C" note "o" with "high G" grace note keeping the "ra-" below "D" note, also an "A" note.
Rules for the Grace note scheme
1 – All grace notes and grace note types are forestrokes, that is they occur before the notes they embellish. They are "appoggiaturas" or "semiquaver" notes, or "Caciaturas" or demi-semi-quaver notes, which predominate.2 – All grace notes in canntaireachd are represented by consonants.
3 – All compound forms are made by combining single forms.
4 – All leading or scale notes are represented by vowels.
5 – All note forms with "m" or "n" in them contain "low A".
6 – Grace notes "h" and "d" are qualifying or modulating grace notes.
7 – Doublings are represented by "dr", triplings by "tr", compound types by combinations of these.
8 – Open doublings above "D" are represented by "dir", such as "dirie", where the note is doubled by itself, and the note above it. "Dr" represents closed doublings, and "dir" open doublings.
Grace note forms defined
Grace note forms consist of single, double, and compound:- The single group includes all simple forms, together with the "dà-lugh" variation form.
- The double group includes the single and double types of "trì-lugh" and "ceithir-lugh".
- The single type of "trì-lugh" is composed of three "low A"s graced by "G", "D" and "E" gracenotes, and it precedes the note embellished. An example of this is "hininindo", the syllable "do" being "C" graced by "D". This type is called "fosgailte" (open), and is opposed by the double or closed form, represented by such a form as "hindirinto". The latter is called "a-steach" (inside), which is taken to a type like "hodorito", which is said to be "a-mach" (outside), as the grips are taken from the note played. The types last named are also "breabach" (kicking) forms, having a "kick” note at the finish. The "crùn-lugh" or "ceithir-lugh" forms are also "fosgailte", "a-mach" and "a-steach". The word "hadatri" is "a-steach" when opposed to "hadatri" which is "a-mach".
"Hiodratatiriri" is a pure "cliabh-lugh"—the chest or creel of fingers, because every finger on the chanter is engaged in some way, either acting or acted on. In bagpipe music, the variations are all named from the acting fingers, and the old pipers counted their time from the number of fingers engaged in the several parts of the tune. "Chin-drine" may be taken as an example of the "leum-lugh", the jump of the fingers. This is "low A", played by "D" gracenote, then "G" doubled by "D", "low A" then opened, and "F" rapidly opened from it. "Hiriri" is an example of a beat form. The playing of two "low A"s by touching "low G" twice with the little finger is "ririn", or "rurin". The prosodic quality of the syllables, together with the spacing and punctuation, give the time and rhythm of the tunes.
See also
- BagpipesBagpipesBagpipes are a class of musical instrument, aerophones, using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. Though the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe and Irish uilleann pipes have the greatest international visibility, bagpipes of many different types come from...
- Great Highland BagpipeGreat Highland BagpipeThe Great Highland Bagpipe is a type of bagpipe native to Scotland. It has achieved widespread recognition through its usage in the British military and in pipe bands throughout the world. It is closely related to the Great Irish Warpipes....
- PiobaireachdPiobaireachdPibroch, Piobaireachd or Ceòl Mór is an art music genre associated primarily with the Scottish Highlands that is characterised by extended compositions with a melodic theme and elaborate formal variations...
/Pibroch - Celtic musicCeltic musicCeltic music is a term utilised by artists, record companies, music stores and music magazines to describe a broad grouping of musical genres that evolved out of the folk musical traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe...
- Scat singingScat singingIn vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all. Scat singing gives singers the ability to sing improvised melodies and rhythms, to create the equivalent of an instrumental solo using their voice.- Structure and syllable choice...
- SolfegeSolfegeIn music, solfège is a pedagogical solmization technique for the teaching of sight-singing in which each note of the score is sung to a special syllable, called a solfège syllable...
- VocableVocableIn speech, a vocable is an utterance, term, or word that is capable of being spoken and recognized. A non-lexical vocable is used without semantic role or meaning, while structure of vocables is often considered apart from any meaning...