Carduoideae
Encyclopedia
Carduoideae is the thistle
subfamily of the Asteraceae
, or sunflower family, of flowering plants. It comprises a number of tribes in various circumscriptions of the family, in addition to the Cynareae
.
Takhtajan
, according to Reveal
, includes ten tribes in addition to the Cynareae
, the Arctotideae, the Barnadesieae, the Carlineae, the Cichorieae
, the Echinopseae, the Eremothamneae, the Gundelieae, the Liabeae
, the Mutisieae, and the Vernonieae
. Of these eleven, Thorne
agrees with seven in his 8 tribe taxonomy of the Carduoideae, placing the Cardueae (Cynareae), plus Arctotideae, Cichorieae, Eremothamneae, Liabeae, Mutisieae, and Vernonieae tribes in the subfamily, plus the Tarchonantheae. The Panero and Funk classification of 2002 (a molecular phylogenetic
classification based upon chloroplast genes) places just three tribes in the subfamily: the Cynareae
, plus the Dicomeae (created by Panero and Funk's paper, consisting of Dicoma
, Erythrocephalum
, Gladiopappus
, Macledium, Cloiselia, Pasaccardoa
, and Pleiotaxis
), and the Tarchonantheae (Tarchonanthus
plus Brachylaena
).
The genus Oldenburgia
may be within this subfamily but the data on this is inconclusive. The Takhtajan system divides the Asteraceae into only two subfamilies, the Asteroideae in addition to the Carduoideae, while Thorne adds the basal, monophyletic subfamily, the Barnadesioideae. The recent phylogeny of Panero and Funk divides the Asteraceae into 11 subfamilies.
Thistle
Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles often occur all over the plant – on surfaces such as those of the stem and flat parts of leaves. These are an adaptation that protects the...
subfamily of the Asteraceae
Asteraceae
The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
, or sunflower family, of flowering plants. It comprises a number of tribes in various circumscriptions of the family, in addition to the Cynareae
Cynareae
The Cynareae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae. Most of them are commonly known as thistles; four of the best known genera are Carduus, Cynara , Cirsium, and Onopordum....
.
Takhtajan
Takhtajan system
A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. Key publications:-External links:* Takhtajan system at...
, according to Reveal
J.L. Reveal
James Lauritz Reveal is a botanist, professor emeritus at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland .He is perhaps best known for his work on suprageneric names, presented in an extensive , which also presents material on , including several systems of plant taxonomy...
, includes ten tribes in addition to the Cynareae
Cynareae
The Cynareae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae. Most of them are commonly known as thistles; four of the best known genera are Carduus, Cynara , Cirsium, and Onopordum....
, the Arctotideae, the Barnadesieae, the Carlineae, the Cichorieae
Cichorieae
Cichorieae is a tribe of plants in the family Asteraceae that includes 100 genera and more than 1,600 species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere....
, the Echinopseae, the Eremothamneae, the Gundelieae, the Liabeae
Liabeae
Liabeae is a tribe of the Asteraceae native to the Neotropics....
, the Mutisieae, and the Vernonieae
Vernonieae
Vernonieae is a tribe of about 1300 species of plants in the aster family. They are mostly found in the tropics and warmer temperate areas, both in the Americas and the Old World. They are mostly herbaceous plants or shrubs, although there is at least one tree species, Vernonia arborea.- Taxonomy...
. Of these eleven, Thorne
Thorne system (1992)
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist Robert F. Thorne . He replaced it in 2000 with a new system. These two systems were published in:...
agrees with seven in his 8 tribe taxonomy of the Carduoideae, placing the Cardueae (Cynareae), plus Arctotideae, Cichorieae, Eremothamneae, Liabeae, Mutisieae, and Vernonieae tribes in the subfamily, plus the Tarchonantheae. The Panero and Funk classification of 2002 (a molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetics is the analysis of hereditary molecular differences, mainly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree...
classification based upon chloroplast genes) places just three tribes in the subfamily: the Cynareae
Cynareae
The Cynareae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae. Most of them are commonly known as thistles; four of the best known genera are Carduus, Cynara , Cirsium, and Onopordum....
, plus the Dicomeae (created by Panero and Funk's paper, consisting of Dicoma
Dicoma
Dicoma is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.It contains the following species:* Dicoma cana* Dicoma pretoriensis* Dicoma zeyheri* Dicoma niccolifera...
, Erythrocephalum
Erythrocephalum
Erythrocephalum is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....
, Gladiopappus
Gladiopappus
Gladiopappus is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....
, Macledium, Cloiselia, Pasaccardoa
Pasaccardoa
Pasaccardoa is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....
, and Pleiotaxis
Pleiotaxis
Pleiotaxis is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family....
), and the Tarchonantheae (Tarchonanthus
Tarchonanthus
Tarchonanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family. Species include:*Tarchonanthus abyssinicus Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf.*Tarchonanthus angustissimus DC.*Tarchonanthus cacanaca Sessé & Moc.*Tarchonanthus camphoratus L....
plus Brachylaena
Brachylaena
Brachylaena is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. Notable species include:* Brachylaena calodendrum* Brachylaena discolor DC. subsp. discolor...
).
The genus Oldenburgia
Oldenburgia
Oldenburgia is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. It contains two or three species, including the commonly cultivated species Oldenburgia arbuscula, and the endangered Oldenburgia grandis....
may be within this subfamily but the data on this is inconclusive. The Takhtajan system divides the Asteraceae into only two subfamilies, the Asteroideae in addition to the Carduoideae, while Thorne adds the basal, monophyletic subfamily, the Barnadesioideae. The recent phylogeny of Panero and Funk divides the Asteraceae into 11 subfamilies.