Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Encyclopedia
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (April 17, 1794–December 13, 1868 Munich
) was a German
botanist and explorer.
Martius was born at Erlangen
, where he graduated M.D.
in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plant
s in the botanic garden
of the university. He afterwards devoted himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and Johann Baptist von Spix
were sent to Brazil
by the king of Bavaria
. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro
through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil
, and ascended the Amazon River
to Tabatinga
, as well as some of its larger affluents.
On his return to Europe
in 1820 he was appointed conservator of the botanic garden at Munich
, including the herbarium
at the Botanische Staatssammlung München
, and in 1826 professor of botany in the university there, and held both offices till 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823–1832, 3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium (1827), both works being finely illustrated. An account of his travels in Brazil appeared in 3 vols. 4to, 1823–1831, with an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best known is his Historia naturalis palmarum
(1823–1850) in 3 large folio volumes, in which all known genera of the palm family are described and illustrated. The work contains more than 240 chromolithographs, with habitat sketches and botanical dissections. In 1840 he began the Flora Brasiliensis
, with the assistance of the most distinguished European botanists, who undertook monographs of the various orders. Its publication was continued after his death under the editorship of A. W. Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignatz Urban
. He also edited several works on the zoological collections made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in 1826. In 1837, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
.
On the outbreak of potato
disease in Europe he investigated it and published his observations in 1842. He also published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil, on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich
- his gravestone is decorated with two palm fronds and the Latin inscription In palmis semper virens resurgo. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Mart. when citing
a botanical name
.
The Belgian government
acquired the collection in 1870 which formed the basis of the then newly established Jardin botanique de l'Etat. The collection is now held as part of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium
.
The Martius Project is an effort by the Botanic Garden to digitize the entire collection.
Martius and Spix, accompanied by Johann Christian Mikan
who was with his wife and the artist Thomas Ender
travelled to Brazil with the Austrian Commission
, which joined the wedding train of Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria
and Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the future Emperor of Brazil. The party left from Trieste
on 10 April 1817.
The first natural history collections were made in the city of Rio de Janeiro
at Laranjeiras
, Corcovado
, Aqueduto, Fonte da Carioca, Tijuca
, Botafogo
, Jardim Botanico) immediately following the wedding.
Spix and Martius then spent some days at "Fazenda Mandioca" with Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff
and then went to a fazenda
near Rio Paraiba
before returning to Rio. A mounted expedition took them on horseback to Itaguaí
(13 December 1817) through São Paulo state
state to the city of São Paulo
where they arrived on 31 December 1817. They left on 9 January 1818 for Sorocaba
and Itu
on to Minas Gerais
, then through Camanducaia
to cross the Rio Sapucaí
for São Gonçalo
and Ouro Prêto
. On 1 May 1818 they left for Diamantina, Minas Novas
and then Montes Claros
.
On 12 August 1818 they headed North-North East to Rio Carinhanha
, as far as the Serra Geral
then returned by Cocos
to Carinhanha
arriving at Rio de Contas
on 17 October 1818, then riding east to cross the Rio Paraguaçu
arriving at Salvador
on the 10 November 1818, and leaving on 18 February 1819 via Coit
and Jacobina
. The party then travelled to Piaui
, Oeiras
where they arrived on 3 May. They departed on 11 May arriving on 15 May at São Gonçalo do Amarante
, where Martius became seriously ill. Spix had at this time contracted the schistosomiasis
, of which he eventually died.
On 3 June 1819 they arrived in Maranhão
to replenish fonds and supplies. They then sailed down the Rio Itapicuru to São Luis
from where they left on 20 July for Belém
, arriving there on 25 July, having collected specimens at several places in between. They left Belém on 21 August for an Amazon voyage, up the Tocantins
to Breves
, arriving in Gurupá
on 9 September and Porto de Moz on the Rio Xingu on 10 September. They spent the 19th-30 September in Santarém, arriving at Barra do Rio Negro on 22 October and leaving on 2 November. They reached Tefé
, then called Ega, on 26 November, then split up.
Spix left Tefé on 7 December 1819, for Solimões
and visiting Tabatinga
before returning to Manaus
on 3 February 1820. He then travelled up the Rio Negro to Moura, Barcelos
returning to Manaus on 26 February. Martius left Tefé on 12 December, ascended Rio Japurá
, returning to Manaus on 11 March where they reunited. They departed for Belém arriving on 16 April 1820 and left for Europe on 13 June 1820.
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
) was a German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
botanist and explorer.
Martius was born at Erlangen
Erlangen
Erlangen is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located at the confluence of the river Regnitz and its large tributary, the Untere Schwabach.Erlangen has more than 100,000 inhabitants....
, where he graduated M.D.
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine is a doctoral degree for physicians. The degree is granted by medical schools...
in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s in the botanic garden
Botanical garden
A botanical garden The terms botanic and botanical, and garden or gardens are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word botanic is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens. is a well-tended area displaying a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names...
of the university. He afterwards devoted himself to botanical study, and in 1817 he and Johann Baptist von Spix
Johann Baptist von Spix
Dr. Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix was a German naturalist.Spix was born in Höchstadt, Middle Franconia, as the seventh of eleven children. His boyhood home is the site of the Spix Museum , opened to the public in 2004...
were sent to Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
by the king of Bavaria
King of Bavaria
King of Bavaria was a title held by the hereditary Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria in the state known as the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1805 until 1918, when the kingdom was abolished...
. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, and ascended the Amazon River
Amazon River
The Amazon of South America is the second longest river in the world and by far the largest by waterflow with an average discharge greater than the next seven largest rivers combined...
to Tabatinga
Tabatinga
Tabatinga is a municipality in the Três Fronteiras area of Northwestern Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 45,293...
, as well as some of its larger affluents.
On his return to Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
in 1820 he was appointed conservator of the botanic garden at Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
, including the herbarium
Herbarium
In botany, a herbarium – sometimes known by the Anglicized term herbar – is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in...
at the Botanische Staatssammlung München
Botanische Staatssammlung München
The Botanische Staatssammlung München is a notable herbarium and scientific center maintained by the Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, and located within the Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg at Menzinger Straße 67, München, Bavaria, Germany...
, and in 1826 professor of botany in the university there, and held both offices till 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823–1832, 3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium (1827), both works being finely illustrated. An account of his travels in Brazil appeared in 3 vols. 4to, 1823–1831, with an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best known is his Historia naturalis palmarum
Historia naturalis palmarum
Historia naturalis palmarum: opus tripartitum is a highly illustrated, three-volume botanical book of palms by German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. The work is in Latin and was published in imperial folio format in Leipzig by T.O. Weigel, volume one in 1823 and the final volume in...
(1823–1850) in 3 large folio volumes, in which all known genera of the palm family are described and illustrated. The work contains more than 240 chromolithographs, with habitat sketches and botanical dissections. In 1840 he began the Flora Brasiliensis
Flora Brasiliensis
Flora Brasiliensis is a book published between 1840 and 1906 by the editors Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban and many others...
, with the assistance of the most distinguished European botanists, who undertook monographs of the various orders. Its publication was continued after his death under the editorship of A. W. Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignatz Urban
Ignatz Urban
Ignatz Urban was a German botanist. He is known for his contributions to the flora of the Caribbean and Brazil, and for his work as curator of the Berlin Botanical Garden. Born the son of a brewer, Urban showed an interest in botany as an undergraduate...
. He also edited several works on the zoological collections made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in 1826. In 1837, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.The Academy was founded on 2...
.
On the outbreak of potato
Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family . The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well as the edible tuber. In the region of the Andes, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species...
disease in Europe he investigated it and published his observations in 1842. He also published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil, on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
- his gravestone is decorated with two palm fronds and the Latin inscription In palmis semper virens resurgo. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Mart. when citing
Author citation (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature...
a botanical name
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
.
Herbarium Martii
As well as a huge collection of flora specimens owned by Martius prior to his departure to South America, he returned with another 12,000 specimens which together formed the Herbarium Martii. At the time of his death the collection had been further expanded and comprised 300,000 specimens representing 65,000 species from around the world, and was one of the largest private herbaria assembled.The Belgian government
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
acquired the collection in 1870 which formed the basis of the then newly established Jardin botanique de l'Etat. The collection is now held as part of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium
National Botanic Garden of Belgium
The National Botanic Garden of Belgium is located in the grounds of Bouchout Castle near the village of Meise, just north of Brussels. It is one of the largest botanical gardens in the world with an extensive collection of living plants in addition to a herbarium of over 3 million specimens...
.
The Martius Project is an effort by the Botanic Garden to digitize the entire collection.
Route followed in Brazil during 1817-1820 expedition
Johann Christian Mikan
Johann Christian Mikan, was an Austrian-Czech botanist, zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Joseph Gottfried Mikan....
who was with his wife and the artist Thomas Ender
Thomas Ender
Thomas Ender was an Austrian painter.-Biography:He was twin brother of Johann Ender. He also studied at the Vienna Academy, becoming a noted landscape painter. He won the grand prize at the Vienna Academy in 1816. Going to Brazil in 1817, he brought back nearly a thousand drawings and water colors...
travelled to Brazil with the Austrian Commission
Austrian Brazil Expedition
The Austrian Expedition to Brazil was a great expedition of scientific inquiry which explored Brazil, with prominence in the areas of Botany, Zoology and Ethnography...
, which joined the wedding train of Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria
Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Maria Leopoldina of Austria was an archduchess of Austria, Empress consort of Brazil and queen consort of Portugal....
and Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the future Emperor of Brazil. The party left from Trieste
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city...
on 10 April 1817.
The first natural history collections were made in the city of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
at Laranjeiras
Laranjeiras
Laranjeiras is an upper-middle-class neighborhood located in the Zona Sul area of Rio de Janeiro. Primarily residential, It is one of the city's oldest neighborhoods, having been founded in the 17th century, with the construction of country houses in the valley located around the Carioca River,...
, Corcovado
Corcovado
Corcovado, meaning "hunchback" in Portuguese, is a mountain in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The granite peak is located in the Tijuca Forest, a national park. It is sometimes confused with nearby Sugarloaf Mountain...
, Aqueduto, Fonte da Carioca, Tijuca
Tijuca
Tijuca is a neighbourhood of the Northern Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It comprises the region of Saens Peña and Afonso Pena squares. According to the 2000 Census, the district has close to 150,000 inhabitants...
, Botafogo
Botafogo
Botafogo is a beachfront neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a mostly middle class and small commerce community, and is located between the hills of Mundo Novo, Dona Marta and São João .- History :Botafogo was named after João Pereira de Sousa Botafogo, who was responsible for the...
, Jardim Botanico) immediately following the wedding.
Spix and Martius then spent some days at "Fazenda Mandioca" with Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff
Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff
Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, Baron de Langsdorff was a Prussian aristocrat, politician and naturalist. He lived in Russia and was better known by his Russian name, Grigori Ivanovitch...
and then went to a fazenda
Fazenda
Fazendas were coffee plantations that spread into the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1896. They created major export commodities for Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slavery in Brazil.- Creation of fazendas :...
near Rio Paraiba
Paraíba do Sul
thumbThe Paraíba do Sul , or simply termed Paraíba, is a river in the south-east of Brazil. It flows 1,137 kilometres west to northeast from its farthest source at the source of the river Paraitinga to the sea near Campos...
before returning to Rio. A mounted expedition took them on horseback to Itaguaí
Itaguaí
Itaguaí is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was 93,662 and its area is 272 km². The city was founded in 1688....
(13 December 1817) through São Paulo state
São Paulo (state)
São Paulo is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy. Named after Saint Paul, São Paulo has the largest population, industrial complex, and economic production in the country. It is the richest state in Brazil...
state to the city of São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
where they arrived on 31 December 1817. They left on 9 January 1818 for Sorocaba
Sorocaba
Sorocaba is a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Sorocaba is the fourth largest city in the state of São Paulo. Outside the Greater São Paulo region, it ranks behind only Campinas, Sao Jose dos Campos and Ribeirão Preto...
and Itu
Itu
Itu is an old and historic municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2009 was 157,384 and the area is 641.68 km². The elevation is 583 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language, meaning big waterfall. Itu is linked with the highway numbered the SP-75 and are flowed...
on to Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, of which it is the second most populous, the third richest, and the fourth largest in area. Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state with the largest number of Presidents of Brazil, the current one, Dilma Rousseff, being one of them. The capital is the...
, then through Camanducaia
Camanducaia
Camanducaia is the southernmost municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Inhabited by 20,212 in 2008....
to cross the Rio Sapucaí
Do Peixe River (Sapucaí River)
The Do Peixe River is a river of Minas Gerais state in southeastern Brazil.-See also:* ] map]* Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993....
for São Gonçalo
São Gonçalo do Pará
São Gonçalo do Pará is a city and municipality located in the center-west of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The estimated population in 2006 was 8,285 inhabitants. The total area of the municipality is 265 km² and the elevation is 750 meters. It is located at 129 km from state capital Belo...
and Ouro Prêto
Ouro Preto
-History:Founded at the end of the 17th century, Ouro Preto was originally called Vila Rica, or "rich village," the focal point of the gold rush and Brazil's golden age in the 18th century under Portuguese rule....
. On 1 May 1818 they left for Diamantina, Minas Novas
Minas Novas
Minas Novas is a municipality in the northeast of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. As of 2007 the population was 30,578 in a total area of 1,810 km². The elevation of the urban area is 635 meters. It is part of the IBGE statistical meso-region of Jequitinhonha and the micro-region of Capelinha...
and then Montes Claros
Montes Claros
Montes Claros is a city located in northern Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. The estimated population in 2010 was 412,284 inhabitants and the total area of the municipality was 3,470 km²...
.
On 12 August 1818 they headed North-North East to Rio Carinhanha
Carinhanha River
The Carinhanha River is a river of Bahia and Minas Gerais states in eastern Brazil.-References:*...
, as far as the Serra Geral
Serra Geral
The Serra Geral is a mountain range in southern Brazil, constituting the southern portion of the Serra do Mar system which runs along Brazil's southeastern coast. The Serra Geral runs parallel to the Atlantic coast in Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul states, separating a narrow coastal...
then returned by Cocos
Codó
Codó is a city in Maranhão, Brazil. It is located at around ....
to Carinhanha
Carinhanha
Carinhanha is a town and municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.-References:...
arriving at Rio de Contas
Rio de Contas
Rio de Contas is a municipality in the Bahia state, in the eastern part of Brazil. Its estimated population in was 13,710.Rio de Contas has its origins in the 18th century. In 1718 the town of "Santo Antônio de Mato Grosso" was founded...
on 17 October 1818, then riding east to cross the Rio Paraguaçu
Paraguaçu River
The Paraguaçu River is a river in Bahia state of eastern Brazil. It originates in the Chapada Diamantina highlands of central Bahia following the chain of mountains called Sincura, and flows east 500 km to empty into the Baía de Todos os Santos....
arriving at Salvador
Salvador, Bahia
Salvador is the largest city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the Northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia. Salvador is also known as Brazil's capital of happiness due to its easygoing population and countless popular outdoor parties, including its street carnival. The first...
on the 10 November 1818, and leaving on 18 February 1819 via Coit
Alagoas
Alagoas is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco ; Sergipe ; Bahia ; and the Atlantic Ocean . It occupies an area of 27,767 km², being slightly larger than Haiti...
and Jacobina
Jacobina
Jacobina is a city in the Centro Norte Baiano mesoregion of Bahia. It was founded July 28, 1880 and the population is 78,842....
. The party then travelled to Piaui
Piauí
Piauí is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country.Piauí has the shortest coastline of any of the non-landlocked Brazilian states at 66 km , and the capital, Teresina, is the only state capital in the north east to be located inland...
, Oeiras
Oeiras, Piauí
Oeiras is a municipality in the Microregion of Picos of the Brazilian State of Piauí. According to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística , its population was 34,538 inhabitants in 2003. The municipality covers an area of 2720 km².Oeiras grew up around a church founded in 1695...
where they arrived on 3 May. They departed on 11 May arriving on 15 May at São Gonçalo do Amarante
São Gonçalo do Amarante
There are parishes that have the name São Gonçalo do Amarante in Brazil:*São Gonçalo do Amarante, Rio Grande do Norte*São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará...
, where Martius became seriously ill. Spix had at this time contracted the schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes , a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. Snails often act as an intermediary agent for the infectious diseases until a new human host is found...
, of which he eventually died.
On 3 June 1819 they arrived in Maranhão
Maranhão
Maranhão is a northeastern state of Brazil. To the north lies the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão is neighbored by the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent...
to replenish fonds and supplies. They then sailed down the Rio Itapicuru to São Luis
São Luís, Maranhão
São Luís is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The city is located on Ilha de São Luís in the Baía de São Marcos , an extension of the Atlantic Ocean which forms the estuary of Pindaré, Mearim, Itapecuru and other rivers. Its coordinates are 2.53° south, 44.30° west...
from where they left on 20 July for Belém
Belém
Belém is a Brazilian city, the capital and largest city of state of Pará, in the country's north region. It is the entrance gate to the Amazon with a busy port, airport and bus/coach station...
, arriving there on 25 July, having collected specimens at several places in between. They left Belém on 21 August for an Amazon voyage, up the Tocantins
Tocantins River
The Tocantins is a river in Brazil, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the Tupi language, its name means "toucan's beak" . It runs from south to north for about 2,640 km. It is not really a branch of the Amazon River, although usually so considered, since its waters flow into the...
to Breves
Brèves
Brèves is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.-Demographics:At the 1999 census, the population was 308. On 1 January 2007, the estimate was 298.-References:*...
, arriving in Gurupá
Gurupá
Gurupá is a city on the Amazon River in Brazilian state of Pará, located on the world's largest river island, Marajó.The city is a center for palm heart extraction and commerce...
on 9 September and Porto de Moz on the Rio Xingu on 10 September. They spent the 19th-30 September in Santarém, arriving at Barra do Rio Negro on 22 October and leaving on 2 November. They reached Tefé
Tefé
Tefé is a city and a municipality in the state of Amazonas in Brazil. Its population was 70,809 as of 2005 and its area is 23,704 km². It is located about 500 km to the west of Manaus on the south bank of the Rio Solimões....
, then called Ega, on 26 November, then split up.
Spix left Tefé on 7 December 1819, for Solimões
Solimões
Solimões is the name often given to early stretches of the Amazon River from the border of Brazil and Peru to its confluence with the Rio Negro.Further upstream from the border, the name of the river seems to depend on the speaker...
and visiting Tabatinga
Tabatinga
Tabatinga is a municipality in the Três Fronteiras area of Northwestern Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 45,293...
before returning to Manaus
Manaus
Manaus is a city in Brazil, the capital of the state of Amazonas. It is situated at the confluence of the Negro and Solimões rivers. It is the most populous city of Amazonas, according to the statistics of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and is a popular ecotourist destination....
on 3 February 1820. He then travelled up the Rio Negro to Moura, Barcelos
Barcelos, Amazonas
Barcelos is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 32,169 and its area is , making it the second largest municipality in Brazil , equivalent in size to New York state in the United States and slightly larger than North Korea.The city is served by Barcelos...
returning to Manaus on 26 February. Martius left Tefé on 12 December, ascended Rio Japurá
Japurá River
The Japurá River or Caquetá River is a river about long rising as the Caquetá River in the Andes in the Southwest of Colombia. It flows southeast into Brazil, where it is called the Japurá. The Japurá enters the Amazon River through a network of channels...
, returning to Manaus on 11 March where they reunited. They departed for Belém arriving on 16 April 1820 and left for Europe on 13 June 1820.
See also
- List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil
- List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
- List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
- List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil