Chang Hai-peng
Encyclopedia
Zhang Haipeng (1867–1949), was a Chinese Northeastern Army
general, who went over to the Japanese during the Invasion of Manchuria and became a general in the Manchukuo Imperial Army
of the state of Manchukuo
.
irregular cavalry forces of the Manchurian warlord
Feng Delin during the First Sino-Japanese War
. These forces were recruited as mercenaries by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War
of 1904-1904. He subsequently studied at the Northeast Military Academy built by General Zhao Erxun
. Following the Xinhai Revolution
, he was assigned command of an infantry regiment under the Republic of China
; however, he supported Zhang Xun
's abortive attempt to restore the Qing dynasty
in 1917. He afterwards joined forces with Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin
. In 1923, he was appointed a commissioner of the Chinese Eastern Railway
and participated in the First Zhili–Fengtian War. in early 1931, his forces were involved in the suppression of the Gada Meiren uprising.
In early October 1931, shortly after the Mukden Incident
, at Taonan
in the northwest of Liaoning
province, Zhang, who was commander of the 2nd Provincial Defense Brigade, took command of the local forces including the Hsingan Reclamation Army
and declared the district independent of China, in return for a shipment of a large quantity of military supplies by the Imperial Japanese Army
.
Zhang followed his political move up by leading the men of the Hsingan Reclamation Army north to attack General Ma Zhanshan
the newly appointed governor of Heilungkiang province. Soon after Zhang advanced upon Ma's capital at Qiqihar
, Ma offered to surrender it. Encouraged by Japanese Kwantung Army General Shigeru Honjō
, Zhang advanced cautiously to accept General Ma's surrender. However Zhang's advance guard was attacked by Ma's troops in the Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge
and it was routed.
Following the establishment of the State of Manchukuo in March 1932, Zhang was reappointed to commanded his old force, which was now renamed the Taoliao Army
. He led Manchukouan troops against the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
during the Pacification of Manchukuo
and in the Japanese invasion of Rehe
in Operation Nekka. Afterwards, he was appointed to command the newly organized Rehe Guard Army
, which became the 5th District Army "Chengde" after the 1934 reorganization of the Manchukuoan Army. From March 1933 to November 1934, he was Governor of Rehe Province. He was promoted to full general in the Manchukuo Army in 1936. In 1941, he went into retirement.
After the collapse of Manchukuo in 1945, Chang went into hiding in Tianjin
, but was discovered and executed for treason
by the People's Republic of China
in 1949 in Beijing.
Northeastern Army
The Northeastern Army , was the Chinese army of the Fengtien clique until the unification of China in 1928. From 1931 to 1933 it faced the Japanese forces in Manchuria, Jehol and Hebei, in the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War.Zhang Xueliang commanded this army after the assassination of...
general, who went over to the Japanese during the Invasion of Manchuria and became a general in the Manchukuo Imperial Army
Manchukuo Imperial Army
The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of the Japanese dominated puppet state of Manchukuo, serving as the land forces, along with the Manchukuo Imperial Guards...
of the state of Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
.
Biography
Zhang was a member of the HonghuziHonghuzi
Honghuzi were armed robbers, bandits in the areas of the eastern Russia-China borderland: Southeastern Siberia, Russian Far East, and Northeast China . the word has been variously transliterated as hong huzi, hong hu zi, hunghutze, hun-hutze, etc...
irregular cavalry forces of the Manchurian warlord
Warlord
A warlord is a person with power who has both military and civil control over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. The term can also mean one who espouses the ideal that war is necessary, and has the means and authority to engage in war...
Feng Delin during the First Sino-Japanese War
First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War was fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over control of Korea...
. These forces were recruited as mercenaries by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
of 1904-1904. He subsequently studied at the Northeast Military Academy built by General Zhao Erxun
Zhao Erxun
Zhao Erxun was the brother of Zhao Erfeng. He was the governor of Hubei and Sichuan and viceroy and governor of Fengtian....
. Following the Xinhai Revolution
Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, also known as Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing , and established the Republic of China...
, he was assigned command of an infantry regiment under the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
; however, he supported Zhang Xun
Zhang Xun (Republic of China)
Zhang Xun was a Qing-loyalist general who attempted to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi in 1917. He supported Yuan Shikai during his time as president....
's abortive attempt to restore the Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
in 1917. He afterwards joined forces with Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 . He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926...
. In 1923, he was appointed a commissioner of the Chinese Eastern Railway
Chinese Eastern Railway
The Chinese Eastern Railway or was a railway in northeastern China . It connected Chita and the Russian Far East. English-speakers have sometimes referred to this line as the Manchurian Railway...
and participated in the First Zhili–Fengtian War. in early 1931, his forces were involved in the suppression of the Gada Meiren uprising.
In early October 1931, shortly after the Mukden Incident
Mukden Incident
The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event that was engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931....
, at Taonan
Taonan
-Administrative Divisions:There are 6 subdistricts, 5 towns, 14 townships, and 2 ethnic townships.Subdistricts:*Tuanjie Subdistrict , Fuwen Subdistrict , Guangming Subdistrict , Xinglong Subdistrict , Yongkang Subdistrict , Tongda Subdistrict Towns:*Wafang , Wanbao , Heishui , Najin , Anding...
in the northwest of Liaoning
Liaoning
' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" , a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace"...
province, Zhang, who was commander of the 2nd Provincial Defense Brigade, took command of the local forces including the Hsingan Reclamation Army
Manchukuo Imperial Army
The Manchukuo Imperial Army was the armed force of the Japanese dominated puppet state of Manchukuo, serving as the land forces, along with the Manchukuo Imperial Guards...
and declared the district independent of China, in return for a shipment of a large quantity of military supplies by the Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Army
-Foundation:During the Meiji Restoration, the military forces loyal to the Emperor were samurai drawn primarily from the loyalist feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū...
.
Zhang followed his political move up by leading the men of the Hsingan Reclamation Army north to attack General Ma Zhanshan
Ma Zhanshan
Ma Zhanshan or Ma Chan-san , was a Chinese Muslim general who initially opposed the Imperial Japanese Army in the invasion of Manchuria, briefly defected to Manchukuo, and then rebelled, and fought against the Japanese in Manchuria and in other parts of China.-Early life:Ma was born...
the newly appointed governor of Heilungkiang province. Soon after Zhang advanced upon Ma's capital at Qiqihar
Qiqihar
- Subdivisions :Qiqihar is divided into 16 divisions: 7 districts , 8 counties and 1 county-level city .-Economy:...
, Ma offered to surrender it. Encouraged by Japanese Kwantung Army General Shigeru Honjō
Shigeru Honjo
-Notes:...
, Zhang advanced cautiously to accept General Ma's surrender. However Zhang's advance guard was attacked by Ma's troops in the Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge
Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge
The Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small battle fought between forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army against the Imperial Japanese Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident during the Invasion of Manchuria at the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War...
and it was routed.
Following the establishment of the State of Manchukuo in March 1932, Zhang was reappointed to commanded his old force, which was now renamed the Taoliao Army
Taoliao Army
Taoliao Army, was the former Hsingan Reclamation Army that had gone over to the Japanese during the invasion of Manchuria. It was involved in Operation Nekka that captured Rehe. Following which in 1933 it became the Rehe Guard Army...
. He led Manchukouan troops against the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and until 1933, large volunteer armies waged war against Japanese and Manchukuo forces over much of Northeast China....
during the Pacification of Manchukuo
Pacification of Manchukuo
The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies of Manchuria and later the Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army and the Imperial Japanese Army and the forces of the...
and in the Japanese invasion of Rehe
Rehe
Rehe , also known as Jehol, is a defunct Chinese Special administrative district and later province.-Administration:Rehe was located north of the Great Wall, west of Manchuria, and east of Mongolia. The capital of Rehe was the city of Chengde. The second largest city in the province was Chaoyang,...
in Operation Nekka. Afterwards, he was appointed to command the newly organized Rehe Guard Army
Rehe Guard Army
The Rehe Guard Army was a corps of the Manchukuo Imperial Army, formed after the conquest of the former Chinese province of Rehe during Operation Nekka in 1933...
, which became the 5th District Army "Chengde" after the 1934 reorganization of the Manchukuoan Army. From March 1933 to November 1934, he was Governor of Rehe Province. He was promoted to full general in the Manchukuo Army in 1936. In 1941, he went into retirement.
After the collapse of Manchukuo in 1945, Chang went into hiding in Tianjin
Tianjin
' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government...
, but was discovered and executed for treason
Hanjian
In Chinese culture, a Hanjian is a derogatory and pejorative term for a race traitor to the Han Chinese nation or state, and to a lesser extent, Han ethnicity. The word Hanjian is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any race or country...
by the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
in 1949 in Beijing.
Sources
- Boycott, Bloodshed & Puppetry From TIME magazine Oct. 26, 1931
- Jowett, Phillip J., Rays of the Rising Sun Vol 1., Helion & Co. Ltd. 2004.
- China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations
- Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
- Press : Jiangsu People's Publishing House
- Date published : 2005-7-1
- ISBN 7214030349
- This is transcribed at
- http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm