China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program
Encyclopedia
The China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program (CBERS) is a technological cooperation program between Brazil
and China
which develops and operates Earth observation satellite
s.
Brazil and China negotiated the CBERS project during two years (1986-1988), exchanging important technical information and visiting each other’s facilities, and they concluded that both sides had all the human, technical and material conditions to jointly develop an Earth resource observation satellite program. The Complementary Protocol on Cooperation on Space Technology was renewed in 1994 and again in 2004.
a new sat
are involved with the program, as is the Brazilian industrial sector. In China, organizations involved include the Chinese Academy for Space Technology (a sub-entity of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
), the China National Space Administration
and various other organizations.
The first satellite of the series, CBERS-1, was successfully launched on October 14, 1999 on a Long March 4B
. It is sometimes also called ZY 1. It remained functional until August 2003.. The second satellite, CBERS-2, was successfully launched on October 21, 2003 , and the third one, CBERS-2B, was also successfully launched on September 19, 2007 Sample images from CBERS-2B were made available January 10th, 2007.
. All of them were launched by Chinese Long March 4B
rockets from Taiyuan launch facilities in the People's Republic of China. They have a sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth at 778 km of altitude.
CBERS-1 and 2 are identical satellites. They have three remote sensing multispectral cameras:
Wide Field Imager Camera (WFI). This camera records images in two spectral bands: 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red) and 0,77 – 0,89 µm (infrared), with 260m spatial resolution and 890 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Medium Resolution Camera (CCD). This camera records images in five spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 20m spatial resolution and 120 km of ground swath. It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir. This last capability allows the system to reduce the temporal resolution from 26 days (nadir operation mode) to three days (off-nadir operation mode).
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 80m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 120 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
CBERS-2B is also similar to the two previous members of the series, but a new camera was added to the last satellite: High Resolution Panchromatic Camera (HRC). This camera records images in one single panchromatic band 0,50 – 0,80 µm which comprises part of the visible and of the near infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum. The images recorded by this camera are 27 km width and have 2.7m spatial resolution. 130 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera. CBERS-2B was launched in 19 September 2007 by a Long-March 4B rocket from the Taiyuan base in China. The satellite operated until June 2010.
CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2011 and CBERS-4 in 2014. Both satellites are identical and contain four cameras:
Advanced Wide Field Imager Camera (AWFI). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 60m spatial resolution and 720 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 40m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 80 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
Panchromatic and Multiespectral Camera (PANMUX). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 5m spatial resolution for the panchromatic band and 10m spatial resolution in the other bands. It has 60 km of ground swath.It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
and China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
which develops and operates Earth observation satellite
Earth observation satellite
Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc....
s.
History
The basis for the space cooperation between China and Brazil was established in May 1984, when both countries signed a complementary agreement to the cooperation framework agreement in science and technology. In July 1988, China and Brazil signed the protocol establishing the joint research and production of the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellites (CBERS).Brazil, emerging from a long military regime, sought to abandon the Cold War logic and establish new international partnerships. China was dedicated to its great internal reform, but was also seeking international partnerships to develop advanced technologies. The agreement was advantageous for both countries. Brazil had the chance to develop medium-size satellites at a time when it was only capable of building small ones (100 kg size). China had a international partner that posed no military threats and that was receptive of foreigners.Brazil and China negotiated the CBERS project during two years (1986-1988), exchanging important technical information and visiting each other’s facilities, and they concluded that both sides had all the human, technical and material conditions to jointly develop an Earth resource observation satellite program. The Complementary Protocol on Cooperation on Space Technology was renewed in 1994 and again in 2004.
a new sat
Responsible agencies
In Brazil, the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE or National Institute of Space Research) and the Brazilian Space AgencyBrazilian Space Agency
The Brazilian Space Agency is the civilian authority in Brazil responsible for the country's burgeoning space program. It operates a spaceport at Alcântara and a rocket launch site at Barreira do Inferno...
are involved with the program, as is the Brazilian industrial sector. In China, organizations involved include the Chinese Academy for Space Technology (a sub-entity of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation is the main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has a number of subordinate entities which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, strategic and tactical missile systems, and ground...
), the China National Space Administration
China National Space Administration
The China National Space Administration is the national space agency of the People's Republic of China responsible for the national space program. It is responsible for planning and development of space activities...
and various other organizations.
Satellites
Initially the program included development and deployment of two satellites. Subsequently agreement was reached to include three additional satellites.The first satellite of the series, CBERS-1, was successfully launched on October 14, 1999 on a Long March 4B
Long March 4B
The Long March 4B , also known as the Chang Zheng 4B, CZ-4B and LM-4B is a Chinese orbital carrier rocket. Launched from Launch Complex 1 at the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, it is a 3-stage rocket, used mostly to place satellites into low Earth and sun synchronous orbits...
. It is sometimes also called ZY 1. It remained functional until August 2003.. The second satellite, CBERS-2, was successfully launched on October 21, 2003 , and the third one, CBERS-2B, was also successfully launched on September 19, 2007 Sample images from CBERS-2B were made available January 10th, 2007.
. All of them were launched by Chinese Long March 4B
Long March 4B
The Long March 4B , also known as the Chang Zheng 4B, CZ-4B and LM-4B is a Chinese orbital carrier rocket. Launched from Launch Complex 1 at the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre, it is a 3-stage rocket, used mostly to place satellites into low Earth and sun synchronous orbits...
rockets from Taiyuan launch facilities in the People's Republic of China. They have a sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth at 778 km of altitude.
CBERS-1 and 2 are identical satellites. They have three remote sensing multispectral cameras:
Wide Field Imager Camera (WFI). This camera records images in two spectral bands: 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red) and 0,77 – 0,89 µm (infrared), with 260m spatial resolution and 890 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Medium Resolution Camera (CCD). This camera records images in five spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 20m spatial resolution and 120 km of ground swath. It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir. This last capability allows the system to reduce the temporal resolution from 26 days (nadir operation mode) to three days (off-nadir operation mode).
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 80m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 120 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
CBERS-2B is also similar to the two previous members of the series, but a new camera was added to the last satellite: High Resolution Panchromatic Camera (HRC). This camera records images in one single panchromatic band 0,50 – 0,80 µm which comprises part of the visible and of the near infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum. The images recorded by this camera are 27 km width and have 2.7m spatial resolution. 130 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera. CBERS-2B was launched in 19 September 2007 by a Long-March 4B rocket from the Taiyuan base in China. The satellite operated until June 2010.
CBERS-3 is expected to be launched in 2011 and CBERS-4 in 2014. Both satellites are identical and contain four cameras:
Advanced Wide Field Imager Camera (AWFI). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 60m spatial resolution and 720 km of ground swath. About five days are necessary for a whole coverage of the Earth surface.
Infrared Multispectral Scanner Camera (IRMSS). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,50 – 1,10 µm (panchromatic); 1,55 – 1,75 µm (infrared); 2,08 – 2,35 µm (infrared) and 10,40 – 12,50 µm (thermal infrared), with 40m spatial resolution on the three infrared reflected bands and 80 m in the thermal infrared one. Ground swath is 120 km for all the bands of this camera and 26 days are required to obtain a full coverage of the Earth by this camera.
Panchromatic and Multiespectral Camera (PANMUX). This camera records images in four spectral bands: 0,51 – 0,73 µm (panchromatic); 0,45 – 0,52 µm (blue); 0,52 – 0,59 µm (green); 0,63 – 0,69 µm (red); 0,77 – 0,89 µm (near infrared), with 5m spatial resolution for the panchromatic band and 10m spatial resolution in the other bands. It has 60 km of ground swath.It is possible to operate this camera both on nadir and off-nadir.
See also
- Chinese space programChinese space programThe space program of the People's Republic of China is directed by the China National Space Administration . Its technological roots can be traced back to the late 1950s, when the People's Republic began a rudimentary ballistic missile program in response to perceived American threats...
- Brazilian space programBrazilian space programThe Brazilian space program refers to the rocketry and space exploration programs conducted by Brazil from 1961 until the creation of the Brazilian Space Agency in 1994. It had significant capabilities in launch vehicles, launch sites, and satellite manufacturing. It was based at the National...