Chingis Izmailov
Encyclopedia
Chingis A. Izmailov (March 26, 1944 --- September 28, 2011) was a Russian psychophysiologist and psychophysicist, the principal author of the spherical model of color space.
, USSR, in 1944. He first studied art and architecture in Moscow, then, in 1971, joined the department of Psychology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, and in 1976 the same department's graduate school. In 1979 Chingis Izmailov got his PhD in psychology for his development of the spherical model of color space (with E. N. Sokolov as his scientific adviser), in 1985 was awarded his “big doctorate” (доктор наук, a Russian equivalent of the German Habilitation) for his work on color vision mechanisms and models. Chingis Izmailov was a professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University since 1987, Distinguished Professor since 2005. He was a member of the central council of the International Brain Research Organization
at UNESCO
, participated in many professional societies, developed and taught many courses in color science, psychophysiology, psychophysics, and quantitative methodology. Chingis Izmailov died in 2011 after prolonged illness.
Izmailov's model of color space represents both aperture and pigment colors as points on a four-dimensional sphere, such that the Euclidean distance (chord length rather than arc length) between two colors is nearly proportional to the estimates of their dissimilarity. Two axes of the sphere correspond to the color-opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow), the other two axes represent the achromatic “whiteness” and “darkness” channels which Chingis Izmailov distinguished from brightness. The model allows one to quantitatively describe contrast and adaptation phenomena, as well as individual differences and color anomalies. In particular, the model provides a way of quantifying a spectrum of color abnormalities from the very mild anomalous variations to severe deficiencies, like protanopia and deuteranopia. Chingis Izmailov also studied the phylogenetic development of color vision, the emergence of saturation as a “composite” property from more basic circular color spaces, and the role of cultural factors and language in the utilization of color vision.
Another line of research led Chingis Izmailov to a spherical model of facial expressions of emotions. The sphere is four-dimensional, with interpoint Euclidean distances nearly proportional to numerical estimates of emotional differences. The axes of the sphere are interpreted as the opponent pleasant-unpleasant and active-passive channels, the remaining two being interpreted as “strength” and “calmness.”
Chingis Izmailov hypothesized that spherical models and other metric structures may not be applicable to properties of categorizable perceptual objects. Thus, colors lose their metric arrangement when they are colors of differently categorized objects (such as “apple” and “banana”) rather than colors of objects that do not belong to different categories (e.g., apertures or pigment patches). Chingis Izmailov also hypothesized, based on the evoked potential experiments, that the system responsible for detection of changes in brightness is physiologically different from the system responsible for detecting spatial patterns.
In the later period of his life Chingis Izmailov was working on a comprehensive theory of perception as having a formal structure of a language, with levels analogous to those of graphemes/phonemes, letters, and words. The “graphemes/phonemes” are represented by two-dimensional circular spaces (such as for line orientation or shades of gray), which are combined into higher-dimensional spherical stimulus spaces representing “letters” (such as the four-dimensional color space), which in turn are combined into “words,” categorized images of objects.
Biography
Chingis Izmailov was born in DerbentDerbent
Derbent |Lak]]: Чурул, Churul; Persian: دربند; Judæo-Tat: דארבּאנד/Дэрбэнд/Dərbənd) is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, close to the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second most important city of Dagestan...
, USSR, in 1944. He first studied art and architecture in Moscow, then, in 1971, joined the department of Psychology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, and in 1976 the same department's graduate school. In 1979 Chingis Izmailov got his PhD in psychology for his development of the spherical model of color space (with E. N. Sokolov as his scientific adviser), in 1985 was awarded his “big doctorate” (доктор наук, a Russian equivalent of the German Habilitation) for his work on color vision mechanisms and models. Chingis Izmailov was a professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University since 1987, Distinguished Professor since 2005. He was a member of the central council of the International Brain Research Organization
International Brain Research Organization
The International Brain Research Organization was founded in 1961 in response to the growing demand from neuroscientists in many countries for the creation of a central organization that would cut across world boundaries and improve communication and collaboration among brain researchers...
at UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
, participated in many professional societies, developed and taught many courses in color science, psychophysiology, psychophysics, and quantitative methodology. Chingis Izmailov died in 2011 after prolonged illness.
Work
Chingis Izmailov's main achievements are in the field of color science, but he also contributed to other areas of psychophysiology and psychophysics, such as multidimensional scaling of geometric shapes and emotions in facial expressions. His experimental work and mathematical models were primarily based on various forms of multidimensional scaling, and on amplitudes of evoked potentials in humans and electroretinogram in frogs in response to an abrupt change of one stimulus to another.Izmailov's model of color space represents both aperture and pigment colors as points on a four-dimensional sphere, such that the Euclidean distance (chord length rather than arc length) between two colors is nearly proportional to the estimates of their dissimilarity. Two axes of the sphere correspond to the color-opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow), the other two axes represent the achromatic “whiteness” and “darkness” channels which Chingis Izmailov distinguished from brightness. The model allows one to quantitatively describe contrast and adaptation phenomena, as well as individual differences and color anomalies. In particular, the model provides a way of quantifying a spectrum of color abnormalities from the very mild anomalous variations to severe deficiencies, like protanopia and deuteranopia. Chingis Izmailov also studied the phylogenetic development of color vision, the emergence of saturation as a “composite” property from more basic circular color spaces, and the role of cultural factors and language in the utilization of color vision.
Another line of research led Chingis Izmailov to a spherical model of facial expressions of emotions. The sphere is four-dimensional, with interpoint Euclidean distances nearly proportional to numerical estimates of emotional differences. The axes of the sphere are interpreted as the opponent pleasant-unpleasant and active-passive channels, the remaining two being interpreted as “strength” and “calmness.”
Chingis Izmailov hypothesized that spherical models and other metric structures may not be applicable to properties of categorizable perceptual objects. Thus, colors lose their metric arrangement when they are colors of differently categorized objects (such as “apple” and “banana”) rather than colors of objects that do not belong to different categories (e.g., apertures or pigment patches). Chingis Izmailov also hypothesized, based on the evoked potential experiments, that the system responsible for detection of changes in brightness is physiologically different from the system responsible for detecting spatial patterns.
In the later period of his life Chingis Izmailov was working on a comprehensive theory of perception as having a formal structure of a language, with levels analogous to those of graphemes/phonemes, letters, and words. The “graphemes/phonemes” are represented by two-dimensional circular spaces (such as for line orientation or shades of gray), which are combined into higher-dimensional spherical stimulus spaces representing “letters” (such as the four-dimensional color space), which in turn are combined into “words,” categorized images of objects.
Monographs
- Измайлов Ч. А. (1980). Сферическая модель цветоразличения. М.: МГУ. [Izmailov Ch. A. (1980). Spherical model of color discrimination. Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University Press (in Russian)].
- Соколов Е. Н., Измайлов Ч. А. (1984). Цветовое зрение. М.: МГУ,. [Sokolov E. N., Izmailov Ch. A. (1984). Color vision. Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University Press (in Russian)].
- Измайлов Ч. А., Соколов Е. Н., Черноризов А. М. (1989). Психофизиология цветового зрения. М.: МГУ. [Izmailov Ch. A., Sokolov E. N., Chernorizov A. M. (1989). Psychophysiology of color vision. Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University Press (in Russian)].
External links
- http://www.psy.msu.ru/people/izmailov.html Chingis A. Izmailov’s page at the Lomonosov Moscow State University site.
- :ru:Измайлов, Чингиз Абильфазович Article on Chingis A. Izmailov’s in Russian-language Wikipedia.