The chromatic harmonica is a type of harmonica

Harmonica

The harmonica, also called harp, French harp, blues harp, and mouth organ, is a free reed wind instrument used primarily in blues and American folk music, jazz, country, and rock and roll. It is played by blowing air into it or drawing air out by placing lips over individual holes or multiple holes...

 that uses a button-activated sliding bar to redirect air from the hole in the mouthpiece to the selected reed-plate desired. When the button is not pressed, an altered diatonic major scale of the key of the harmonica is available, while depressing the button accesses the same scale a semi-tone higher in each hole. Thus, the instrument is capable of playing the 12 notes of the Western chromatic scale.

Famously accomplished chromatic harmonica players include the classical player Larry Adler

Larry Adler

Lawrence "Larry" Cecil Adler was an American musician, widely acknowledged as one of the world's most skilled harmonica players. Composers such as Ralph Vaughan Williams, Malcolm Arnold, Darius Milhaud and Arthur Benjamin composed works for him...

, the classical player Tommy Reilly

Tommy Reilly

Thomas Rundle Reilly MBE was a Canadian classical harmonica player. He began studying violin at eight and began playing harmonica at aged eleven as a member of his father's band...

,the classical player Sigmund Groven, the classical player Willi Burger, the jazz player Toots Thielemans

Toots Thielemans

Jean-Baptiste Frédéric Isidor, Baron Thielemans , known as Toots Thielemans, is a Belgian jazz musician well known for his guitar and harmonica playing as well as his whistling. Thielemans is credited as one of the greatest harmonica players of the 20th century...

, the jazz player Hendrik Meurkens, and the popular musicians Norton Buffalo

Norton Buffalo

Norton Buffalo was a singer-songwriter, country and blues harmonica player, record producer, bandleader and recording artist best known as a versatile exponent of the harmonica, including chromatic and diatonic....

 and Stevie Wonder

Stevie Wonder

Stevland Hardaway Morris , better known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and activist...

.

Chromatic harmonicas are usually 12, 14 or 16 holes long. The 12-hole chromatic is available in 12 keys, but because the entire chromatic scale

Chromatic scale

The chromatic scale is a musical scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone apart. On a modern piano or other equal-tempered instrument, all the half steps are the same size...

 is available by definition, most professionals stick with the key of C—which is perhaps easier to remember, since slide in will automatically be the sharps of the associated note.

Chromatic harmonicas are traditionally tuned to solo tuning

Solo tuning

Solo tuning is a system of choosing the reeds for a diatonic wind instrument to fit a pattern where blow notes repeat a sequence of and draw notes follow a repeating sequence of. Or...

, which has a similar layout to the diatonic's Richter tuning

Richter tuning

Richter tuning is a system of choosing the reeds for a diatonic wind instrument . It is named after Joseph Richter, a Bohemian instrument maker who adopted the tuning for his harmonicas the early 19th century and is credited with inventing the blow/draw mechanism that allows the harmonica to play...

 except that it eliminates the G on the draw and doubles the Cs that are not on the ends of the instrument. In the standard 12-hole chromatic in C the lowest note is middle C, while 16-hole variants start one octave lower. For the 16-hole variant, the layout is usually as follows. note that the "D" in the last key-in draw note is common, though by no means presented in all chromatic.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C |E |G |C |C |E |G |C |C |E |G |C |C |E |G |C | key out
draw: |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |
-----------------------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C#|F |G#|C#|C#|F |G#|C#|C#|F |G#|C#|C#|F |G#|C#| key in
draw: |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|d |
-----------------------------------------------

Advantages

Because it is a fully chromatic

Chromatic scale

The chromatic scale is a musical scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone apart. On a modern piano or other equal-tempered instrument, all the half steps are the same size...

 instrument, the chromatic harmonica is the instrument of choice in jazz

Jazz

Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...

 and classical music. The "solo tuning" layout repeats itself at each octave, which simplifies playing in different octaves and keys in contrast to the Richter tuning system. Also, due to the windsavers on the low and mid-range holes, it can bend notes on both blow and draw notes, giving additional tonality if needed. In traditional harmonica bands, the chromatic harmonica plays the lead part.

Stock chromatics are well suited for players who play chromatics in third position traditional Chicago Blues, and benefit from having a selection of keys.

Disadvantages

While the chromatic harmonica is capable of playing in all keys, it does have limitations. For example, while chromatic harmonicas can "bend" notes down in pitch, as a single-reed bend it sounds quite different from the typical dual-reed bend of a blues harp, and can only bend downward by a semi-tone. Furthermore, unless the windsavers are removed, chromatic harmonicas cannot "overblow" except on the upper four holes. Perhaps more importantly, the number of chord

Chord (music)

A chord in music is any harmonic set of two–three or more notes that is heard as if sounding simultaneously. These need not actually be played together: arpeggios and broken chords may for many practical and theoretical purposes be understood as chords...

s, double-stops

Double stop

A double stop, in music terminology, is the act of playing two notes simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument or stringed instrument...

, and legato phrasings available is limited; the lack of a G on the draw makes it impossible to play the G chords available on a Richter-tuned device. Thus, while a chromatic harmonica is well-suited for playing lead or melody, diatonic harmonicas have a greater advantage when playing harmony or accompaniment.

As the chromatic harmonica is designed to play melodies in any key, many 16-hole and special version chromatic are only made in the key of C. Because of this, there are many approaches to get over the limits of the chromatic harmonica: the first approach, encouraged mainly by classical music players (such as Franz Chmel), is that a good harmonica player should try his or her best to use the chromatic in the key of C; some even discourage switching to other keys. An approach used by at least one reputable jazz musician (Scott Joplin

Scott Joplin

Scott Joplin was an American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions, and was later dubbed "The King of Ragtime". During his brief career, Joplin wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas...

) is to have several keys, and play them as if playing key of F on a key of C, although it still requires being able to play over complex changes, modulating and so forth, it enables the player to focus more on the music. Another approach is using altered tunings such as Diminished, which requires learning to play three (or four) patterns and then be able to play in all keys.

Chromatic harmonicas tend to be significantly more expensive than their diatonic counterparts—with a typical chromatic harmonica selling at a price that is up to ten times higher than a simple diatonic harmonica.

Slider design

Chromatic harmonicas are often described as either "straight tuned" or "cross tuned". This refers to the way the slider is shaped to isolate the reed set being played at a given position (button "in" or button "out"). Traditionally the chromatic was "straight tuned" and the slider selected either the upper reed-plate (button out) or the lower reed-plate (button in). In the later half of the 20th century a new system came into use in which the slider played the upper and lower reed-plates at the same time, staggered by which hole (thus with the button out the player might play the upper reed-plate in hole 1, the lower reed-plate in hole 2, and then the upper again in hole 3 and so forth; pressing the button reversed this). This allows for a larger hole in the slider, and thus presumably more air gets through, allowing a louder volume. The two methods co-exist with some companies and players preferring one style and others another.

There are at least two other types of slider design as well. The first one has holes side-by-side with each other in the slider, thus opening only the left side of the chamber or the right side depending on button position. The Renaissance chromatic uses this design, which is claimed to mix the larger hole of a cross-tuned design with an even shorter movement than in straight tuned sliders. The simple way of doing this is to construct the harmonica more like a traditional Richter diatonic whereas the standard chromatic design shares more in common with the Knittlinger octave harmonicas. Note, however, the Renaissance uses a complex comb design to achieve their slider design. The second type of alternative design is found mostly in East Asia and is based more along the traditional Weiner tremolo construction. Here each reed is isolated in its own cell within the comb and the slider selects a single reed at a time rather than a cell containing both blow and draw reeds. The Tombo Ultimo is an example of this type of chromatic.

Finally, there are also several types of non-slide chromatic instruments available, particularly in Asia, such as the horn harmonica, as well as Tombo's S-50, Tombo's Chromatic Violin Range, and others. Tombo Chromatic Violin Range (three and a half octaves), as well as S-50 (three octaves) use the tremolo scale tuning system (but with only one-reed): in essence it is a C tremolo harmonica sitting on top of a C tremolo harmonica, with blow and draw reeds each sitting in a single cell. The player switches between a top row tuned to C and a bottom tuned to C by changing the angle of the harmonica.

Alternate tunings

Like Diatonic, Chromatics are available in numerous tunings. However, there are three more popular versions: one is the Irish tuning, which is done by flattening (instead of sharpening) the notes when the slide is in. This makes playing Irish music, and to a certain extent, blues, easier, since Irish music is commonly played in either the key of D or key of G. The use of C, with no sharps or flats, and B, with all flats, allows common Irish modes to be played while the downward tuning slide allows ornamentation in keeping with the Irish tradition. The Irish Tuning can be done easily by reversing the slide (flipping the slide upside down) of a chromatic in the key of B major; alternatively, one can just use the B major as is, but use slide-in as the home position.

Key out: identical to solo tuning

`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |B |Eb|Gb|B |B |Eb|Gb|B |B |Eb|Gb|B |B |Eb|Gb|B | key in
draw: |db|e |ab|bb|db|e |ab|bb|db|e |ab|bb|db|e |ab|bb|
-----------------------------------------------

Another one is the bebop tuning, which is done by tuning the redundant C/C in hole 4', 4, 8, and 12 blow into a B/B pair. This allows playing chords in the key of F, as well as playing a C7 chord.

`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C |E |G |Bb|C |E |G |Bb|C |E |G |Bb|C |E |G |Bb| key out
draw: |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |d |f |a |b |
-----------------------------------------------

`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C#|F |G#|B |C#|F |G#|B |C#|F |G#|B |C#|F |G#|B | key in
draw: |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|c |d#|f#|a#|c |
-----------------------------------------------

Another popular version of alternate tuning is the classical tuning, which is done by switching between the blow and draw of the 4th hole of each octave:

`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C |E |G |B |C |E |G |B |C |E |G |B |C |E |G |B | key out
draw: |d |f |a |c |d |f |a |c |d |f |a |c |d |f |a |c |
-----------------------------------------------

`1 `2 `3 `4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-----------------------------------------------
blow: |C#|F |G#|C |C#|F |G#|C |C#|F |G#|C |C#|F |G#|C | key in
draw: |d#|f#|a#|c#|d#|f#|a#|c#|d#|f#|a#|c#|d#|f#|a#|c#|
-----------------------------------------------

This easily allow Imaj7 and iimajo7 chords, as well as many other chords, which are very beneficial for classical music playing.